To write English perfectly one should know what is a sentence pattern. Different sentence patterns with ample examples and exercise are given here. Only reading and no practice will not do the job. Feel free to comment if you want to practice more.
Sentence (Clause)Pattern
Studying sentence patterns will help us to make new sentences correctly. We need to make new sentences while speaking or writing.
So we will study sentence patterns. There are five common patterns. A sentence contains components like subject, verb, object and complement.
A verb is used in accordance with the number and person of the subject.
Singular subject singular verb.
Mr. Kalikumar Tarkalankar was the new Geography teacher.
Mary does not like herself.
The credit goes to these champion players.
Plural subject plural verb
Are we connected to nature in real sense?
The houses are not environment friendly.
When subject consists of two or more nouns/pronouns connected by ‘and’, plural form of the verb(are, were, do,have) is used.
But if the nouns suggest one idea or person, singular form of the verb(is, was,does, has) is used.
He and his wife are very arrogant.
You, he and I are invited for the party.
Tom and Mary don’t like each other.
Time and tide waits for none.(‘Time and tide’ suggests one idea.)
Mango and orange are juicy fruits.
Some nouns singular in form but plural in number take a plural verb.Some nouns plural in form but singular in number take a singular verb
The people are gathered together.
The cattle were grazing.
When two subjects(nouns) are connected by ‘as well as’,’with’,’together with’, ‘in addition to’, ‘no less than’ etc, the verb should be used according to the first subject.
The teacher as well as the students is reading.
The students as well as the teacher are reading.
The boy with his parents has arrived.
The parents with the boy have arrived.
When two subjects(nouns) are connected by ‘Either….or’,Neither ….nor’, the verb should be used according to the subject close to it.
Either my sister or I am to do this work.
Neither he nor they are ready to go.
Subject Verb Agreement :When two subjects(nouns) are connected by ‘not only……but also’,’or’ the verb should be used according to the second subject.
Not only the teacher but also the students are laughing.
Not only the students but also the principal was present.
Solve the following offline test and practice the subject verb agreement. 1. The train had arrived on the platform when I ………….. the station. (1 point) ⚪ has reached ⚪ reached ⚪ was reached ⚪ had reached 2. He always……… late. (1 point) ⚪ arrive ⚪ arrives ⚪ arrived ⚪ arriving 3. A skylab …….. across the sky for 15 years. (1 point) ⚪ was traveling ⚪ has been traveling ⚪ has travelled ⚪had been traveling 4. She …….a rangoli to welcome the guests recently. (1 point) ⚪ draws ⚪ has been drawing ⚪ drew ⚪ has drawn 5. Not only the students but also the teacher……. cricket. (1 point) ⚪ is playing ⚪ are playing ⚪ have been playing ⚪ play 6. The teacher as well as students ……. cricket. (1 point) ⚪ is playing ⚪ are playing ⚪ have been playing ⚪ play 7. Sachin Tendulkar …….. cricket for two decades. (1 point) ⚪ played ⚪ has been playing ⚪ has played ⚪ was playing 8. There ….. tigers in the bush. (1 point) ⚪ are ⚪ is ⚪ was ⚪ has been 9. Unless you ….. helmet while riding a bike , you are not safe. (1 point) ⚪ wear ⚪ wore ⚪ worn ⚪ weared 10. The train …… the platform when I reached the station. (1 point) ⚪ has left ⚪ left ⚪ has been leaving ⚪ had left 11. India…….. freedom in 1947. (1 point) ⚪ get ⚪ has got ⚪ got ⚪ getting 12. I ……. a newspaper when the phone rang. (1 point) ⚪ had read ⚪ am reading ⚪ read ⚪ was reading 13. He …… newspaper everyday. (1 point) ⚪ reads ⚪ read ⚪ is reading ⚪ was reading 14. A thief ……… on Friday. (1 point) ⚪ was arrested ⚪ has arrested ⚪ was being arrested ⚪ arresting 15. Nana Patole ……… BJP yesterday. (1 point) ⚪ quits ⚪ quit ⚪ quitted ⚪ quitting Types of Verbs
A verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs is auxiliary verb.
The primary auxiliary verbs in English are be, do, and have. (am, is, are,was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had)
Sometimes primary auxiliary verbs perform the function of main verbs when they stand alone in the sentence.
The modal auxiliaries are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.
The main verb is also called the lexical verb or the principal verb. The Main verb typically shows the action or state of being of the subject. Main verbs can stand alone, or they can be used with a helping verb, also called an auxiliary verb.
Go through the sentences given below and say whether the underlined verbs are main verbs or primary auxiliary verbs or modal auxiliary verbs.
1.I had a very simple upbringing. 2.I was immensely impressed. 3.I had learnt from my childhood that money did not mean everything in life. 4.He was a convent educated boy. 5.They did all the work in time. 6.I had to achieve a lot in life. 7. I was very thirsty. 8. I had carried with me. 9. We were lucky. 10. I was wearing a red scarf. 11. We had suggested hara-kiri. 12. We were overjoyed to see tiny green leaves. 13. How long shall we continue to live this life of contradiction ? 14. We must remove this contradiction at the earliest possible moment. 15. I don’t know. 16. I can hear voices. 17. You would better go back. 18. Mrs Adis was sitting in the old basket armchair by the fire. 19. ‘D’ company was successful in occupying the eastern portion of Area Collar. 20. The Defense Minister was on his way to Amritsar.
Frame your own ten sentences using these verbs and say their types.
Grammar Tenses: Types of Verbs in English : 8 Modal Auxiliaries, Primary, Main
Verb Types – Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Transitive verbs have objects. Intransitive verbs have no objects .
She is fetching water. (Present continuous tense)
In this sentence verb ‘fetching’ has object ‘water’. So the verb ‘fetching’ is transitive verb.
Farmers grow (🍅 🍅) tomatoes in the field.
In this sentence verb ‘grow’ has object ‘tomatoes’. So the verb ‘grow’ is transitive verb.
Tomatoes grow in the field.
In this sentence verb ‘grow’ has no object because action does not pass on. So the verb ‘grow’ here is intransitive verb.
Some verbs are transitive and Intransitive depending upon the function in the sentence.
Indicate whether the Verbs in the following sentences are Transitive or Intransitive. Name the Object of each Transitive Verb’ and the Complement of each Verb of Incomplete Prediction.
In the following sentences the verbs in bold types are intransitive , word or group of words in red colour are complements. The underlined verbs are transitive and the words in blue colour are objects.
The boy stood on the burning deck. Intransitive
Tony has fallen sick. Intransitive
The water is very cold.
The man saw the accident with his own eyes. Transitive The man saw what? The answer is accident.So object of ‘saw’ is ‘accident’
The baby fell asleep.
They are French.
The rumour seems true.
He did not tell the truth.
They made her queen.
The bad boys hide their faults.
He is hiding behind the tree.
We patiently waited at the station.
The bird flew down and took away the cheese.
Our children like sweets.
Do it yourself.
Verb Types – Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
The peon rang the bell.
The bell rang after the first period.
Sam sang a beautiful song.
They sang well in the function.
Who has broken the window?
The windows broke in the storm.
She called her servant a fool.
His parents named her Patricia.
He painted the box red.
You look sad.
The milk turned sour.
Read the following sentences and observe the use of modal auxiliary .
1. May I speak to you for a moment? ‘May’ indicate permission.
2. She can speak fluent German. ‘can’ — ability
3. He might get angry at first, but hopefully he will understand your situation. ‘might’- probability
4. You should try doing more exercise regularly. ‘should’ – advice
5. Now recruits shall report to the sergeant at 9 am. Shall—certainty
6. I must go home now. It’s late. Must- obligation
7. Could you put this book on the shelf, please? Could – polite request
क्रीयापदाला सहाय्य करणार्या क्रियापदांना सह्याकारि क्रियापदे म्ह्णतात.
be, am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, might, must, etc. उपयोग.
1. am, is, are यांचा उपयोग Present Continuous Tense मध्ये व Simple Present Tense च्या Passive Voice मध्ये करतात. 2. was, were यांचा उपयोग Past Continuous Tense मध्ये व Simple Past Tense च्या Passive Voice मध्ये करतात. 3. do,does, did यांचा उपयोग प्रश्नार्थक व नकारात्मक वाक्यामध्ये करतात. 4. shall, will यांचा उपयोग Future Tense मध्ये करतात. 5. should यांचा उपयोग उपदेश/ सल्ला देण्यासाठी करतात. 6. would यांचा उपयोग भुतकालीन सवय, भुतकाळात वारवांर घडलेली क्रीया दर्शविण्यासाठी ,तसेच shall/will चा भुतकाळ म्ह्णुन वापरतात. 7. can, could क्षमता(ability) व्यक्त करण्यासाठी 8. may परवानगी(Permission), शक्यता(Possibility) व्यक्त करण्यासाठी. 9. might संभाव्यता(Probability)व्यक्त करण्यासाठी. 10. must बंधनकारकता (Obligation, Compulsion)व्यक्त करण्यासाठी. 11. have,has यांचा उपयोग Present Perfect Tense मध्ये करतात. 12. had चा उपयोग Past Perfect Tense मध्ये करतात. 13. be चा उपयोग Future Continuous Tense / Simple Future च्या Passive Voice मध्ये करतात. 14. being चा उपयोग (Present,Past)Continuous Tense च्या Passive Voice मध्ये करतात. 15. been चा उपयोग (Present/Past/Future) Perfect Tense च्या Passive Voice मध्ये करतात.
1. Rewrite sentences using proper modal auxiliary.
Condition
Use of Modal Auxiliaries
a) It is very essential for students to learn calligraphy.
Students must learn calligraphy.
b) It is possible for students to improve their handwriting with practice.
Students may improve their handwriting with practice.
c) My handwriting probably will turn wobbly, if I do not write regularly.
My handwriting might turn wobbly, if I do not write regularly.
d) Nowadays it is needed to use computer technology in education.
Nowadays we have to use computer technology in education.
e) In future the electronic gizmos are sure to create wonder.
In future the electronic gizmos will create wonder.
f) We better keep ourselves updated in the use of computers.
We should keep ourselves updated in the use of computers.
Modal Auxiliary
Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals according to the situations given in the following sentences.
(1) Take an umbrella. It …….rain later.
(2) People …….walk on the grass.
(3) ……I ask you a question?
(4) The signal has turned red. You ……..wait.
(5) I was a sportsperson in my school days. I ……to play badminton.
(6) I am going to the library. I ……. find my friend there.
(1) Take an umbrella. It may rain later.
(2) People should walk on the grass.
(3) May I ask you a question?
(4) The signal has turned red. You must wait.
(5) I was a sportsperson in my school days. I would / used to play badminton.
(6) I am going to the library. I will find my friend there.
Frame Sentences with Modal Auxiliary
Frame sentences by using modal auxiliary for the following predicate.
Electronic mail (email) is one of the most commonly used services on the internet, allowing people to send messages to one or more recipient.
What is Formal Email?
An email writing for business communication or professional use is a formal email. The email written for any government department, school authority, company or any officers are the formal emails. Use of polite and formal words, the reason for writing mail, clarity, proper greeting and closing are some of the features of the formal email writing.
Format for EMAIL Writing
Email Writing
How can I write email ?
Include a clear subject line and a proper greeting. Keep your message concise, use professional language, and proofread before sending.
Example/Sample of EMAIL Writing to Principal
Write an email .
You are the college representative and your Principal has assigned you the task of writing an email to the Divisional Officer , Satpuda Mountain Ranges , Nagpur , seeking permission for the mountaineering expedition to be organized by your college.
_______________________________________ From: student12@gmail.com _______________________________________ To: divisionalofficerngp@gmail.com _______________________________________ CC/BCC: _______________________________________ Subject : Regarding permission for the mountaineering
_______________________________________
Respected Sir,
I am Manoj Bhaye a college representative of Mahatma Gandhi College of Science Chandrapur. Our college has planned some outdoor and adventurous activities. Mountaineering is one of them. The principal has assigned me the task of getting permission for it. As a college representative, I request you to grant us permission for the mountaineering on the Satpuda Mountain Ranges. A batch of 20 students will be the participants. We have basic knowledge of the mountaineering. The participants are capable of mountaineering. We all meet the requirements for the expedition. We will be abide by the rules and regulations. Kindly do the necessary and grant us permission for mountaineering expedition.
Thanking you,
Regards
Manoj Bhaye Class : Std 11th Mahatma Gandhi College of Science Chandrapur (MS)
Attachment : 1. a list of students 2. Their fitness certificates
You are Tarun Nasake a resident of 96,Model Basti, Nagpur . Compose an email to the editor of the Lokmat Times, telling him about the nuisance of loud speaker in your area.
_______________________________________ From: tarunnasake@gmail.com _______________________________________ To: editorlokmattimes@gmail.com _______________________________________ CC/BCC: _______________________________________ Subject : Nuisance of Loud Speakers
Sir,
Kindly publish my letter in your esteem newspaper.
I am the resident of Model Basti, Nagpur I would like to draw your attention towards the sound pollution in our area. Many students from our area are studying in Std 10, Std 12. Their board exam is scheduled in the next month. They need a peaceful atmosphere for study. But prayers in the nearby temple, masjid and gurudwara are causing disturbancesd. Because prayers are done through loud speakers at different times of the day .
If the prayers are done silently or using headphones by the devotees, there would be no disturbances. Students would get peaceful time for study. Concerning authorities should declare this area as a silent zone during examination period . Kindly do the needful.
Thanking you,
Regards,
Tarun Nasake
Email Writing to a Friend
3 Imagine that your friend really need a confidence building message. Send him/her an email communicating the same advice.
_______________________________________ From: tarunnasake@gmail.com _______________________________________ To: ganeshpal73@gmail.com _______________________________________ CC/BCC: _______________________________________
Dear Ganesh,
I am really shocked about your decision of discontinuing the study the reason behind that made me surprised. Failure or low score is not the end. You scored low in H.S.C. and want to discontinue study. It’s not good to quit when thing go wrong. Stick to your effort, you might succeed next year. Many courses are available after H.S.C. Join one of them. Remember ‘quitter never wins, winner never quits’. Success may be near when it seems far. Be strong and face the world before you. Trying hard will take you to the desired goal. There are many other things in the life that can be done. Please do write soon and often. So think over your decision with positive outlook.
Yours lovingly, Tarun Nasake
Email To Teacher
Write an email to English teacher requesting him to advise on how to improve writing skill and comprehensive skill
_______________________________________ From: pravin@gmail.com _______________________________________ To: ashasutar123@gmail.com _______________________________________ CC/BCC: _______________________________________
Subject: Request for Guidance on Improving Writing and Comprehension Skills
Respected madam,
I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to seek your valuable advice on improving my writing and comprehension skills. As I aim to enhance my proficiency in these areas, I believe your insights and guidance would be incredibly helpful.
Could you kindly suggest some strategies, resources, or practices that would assist me in developing these skills effectively? I am eager to work on this and would appreciate any recommendations you can provide.
Thank you for your time and support. I look forward to hearing from you.
Warm regards, Pravin Zed 12 Arts A
_______________________________________
What is CC and BCC in email?
“CC” stands for “carbon copy,” and “BCC” stands for “blind carbon copy.” When you CC someone on an email, they receive a copy of the email, and all recipients can see that they were copied. On the other hand, when you BCC someone, they also receive a copy, but their email address is not visible to other recipients. BCC is useful when you want to protect the privacy of email addresses or keep certain recipients unknown to each other.
“Mrs. Adis” is a gripping short story set in the English countryside, exploring themes of morality, forgiveness, and maternal instincts.
The story begins on a stormy night when Peter, a poacher, arrives at Mrs. Adis’s cottage seeking refuge. He is on the run, believing he has shot and killed a policeman during a confrontation in the woods. Mrs. Adis, a widow, reluctantly lets him in, despite feeling uneasy about harboring a fugitive.
As Peter recounts the events of the night, a shocking truth emerges: the man he shot was not a policeman, but Mrs. Adis’s son, whom Peter did not recognize in the dark. Overwhelmed by this revelation, Mrs. Adis experiences a whirlwind of emotions—grief for her son and compassion for Peter, who was once her son’s close friend and is now devastated by his mistake.
Despite her heartbreak, Mrs. Adis does not betray Peter’s presence to the authorities when they come searching for him. She silently grapples with her loss and her choice, driven by a complex mix of maternal forgiveness and pity for Peter’s tragic error.
The story ends on an ambiguous note, leaving readers to reflect on Mrs. Adis’s extraordinary strength and moral dilemma. It highlights the complexities of human emotions and the challenge of navigating personal tragedy in the face of societal expectations.
Activities from the margin of the lesson Mrs. Adis
The writer describes Mrs. Adis as –
a small woman
Thin woman
Brown hard face
Hair like wrinkles
Mrs. Adis asks Peter crouch whether he has had a quarrel with the keepers. This shows that
Peter Crouch is hot temper
He gets into quarrel easily.
Mr. Adis knew his nature.
List some characteristics of Mrs. Adis based on this incident. Faithful , trustworthy, good , helpful , forgetful Give reason : Vilder guessed that Crouch has taken refuge at Mrs. Adis’ house because he was a friend of Mrs. Adis’s son Tom. Crouch didn’t know that he had shot Tom dead.
The row took place because the keepers scared Peter Crouch who fired the gun in darkness.
Mrs. Adis unlocked the door because she had forgiven Peter and wanted him to run away safely.
Guess the meaning: ‘wrung’ here means Find the difference between: shivering and trembling
BRAINSTORMINGof Mrs. Adis
(A1) (i) Discuss with your partner and describe the atmosphere in the woods when Peter Crouch was heading towards Mrs. Adis’s House. It was- (a) a dark moonless night. (b) a few stars in the sky (c) windless , silent and clear night (ii) Peter Crouch didn’t knock before entering Mrs. Adis’s house. The reason was- (a) Peter Crouch didn’t want to make noise. (b) He wanted nobody to hear the noise of knocking (c) He was in haste. (iii) Go through the text again and find the reasons that forced Peter to shoot down a person. (a) The keepers spotted him. (b) He had fears of being caught. (c) They were more in numbers. (iv) Mrs. Adis didn’t hand over Peter Crouch to the keepers because- (a) He was her son Tom’s friend. (b) Tom would want her to stay by him.
(A2) The writer has used a phrase ‘Thudding Heart’ which means pounding, or beating of heart. Do you know ‘Thud’ is an onomatopoeic word which means a heavy sound made by an object falling to the ground. Discuss with your partner and make a list of Onomatopoeic words that you find in the text. (a) crackling (b) rustling (c) bark
Activities other than the text
A1 Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the following statements. 1) Peter/ Mrs. Adis was stooping over the fire. 2) Peter knocked the door/walked straight in the cottage. 3) Peter thought he killed/ shot a man. 4) Mrs. Adis was a woman with a hard/soft face.
Ans : 1. Mrs. Adis was stooping over the fire. 2. Peter walked straight in the cottage. 3. Peter thought he shot a man. 4. Mrs. Adis was a woman with a soft face.
A2. Complete the statement: Peter was in trouble because ………… A3. The kettle boiled over and Mrs Adis mechanically put it at the side of the fire. Find the deeper meaning of this statement. A4. Imagine a young man comes to you pleading to protect him from police. Write how you will react. A5. Language Study. 1. He did not knock, but walked straight in. (Rewrite into simple sentence.) Ans. Without knocking he walked straight in. 2. I shot a man. (Rewrite into passive voice.) Ans. A man was shot by me. A6. Vocabulary.
Across. 2. a line in the skin of face 3, overcrowded 4. too many to be counted
Down 1. reluctant to do something
Activity Set A
Que. 1 A) Read the extract and complete the activities given below: (12) In north-east Sussex a great tongue of land runs into Kent. It is a land of woods – the old hammer tongue of land: a long woods of the Sussex iron industry and among the stretch of land brunching woods gleam the hammerponds. Owing to the thickness of the woods, the road that passes Mrs. wood Adis’s cottage is dark long before the fields beyond. as That night there was no twilight and no moon, only a few pricks of fire in the black sky above the trees. But what the darkness hid the silence revealed. In the absolute stillness of the night, windless and clear, every sound was distinct, intensified. The distant bark of a dog at Delmonden sounded close at hand, and Delmonden: name of a the man who walked on the road could hear the echo of his own footsteps following him like a knell. Every now and then he made an effort to go more quietly, but the roadside was a mass of thorns, and their crackling and rustling were nearly as loud as the thud of his feet on the road. Besides, they made him go slowly, and he had no time for that. When he came to Mrs. Adis’s cottage he paused a moment. Only a small patch of grass lay between it and the road, and he looked in at the lighted, uncurtained window. He could see Mrs. Adis stooping over the fire, taking some pot or kettle off it. He hesitated and seemed to wonder. He was a big, heavy, working man, not successful, judging by the poverty his appearance. For a moment he made as if he would open the window, then he changed his mind and went to the door instead.
A1) Complete the following: 1)Mrs. Adis cottage is dark …………………….. 2) The dog’s bark thought distance, seemed,………………….. 1)Mrs. Adis cottage is dark long before the fields beyond. 2)The dog’s bark thought distance, seemed close at hand.
A2) Describe the atmosphere in the woods when Peter Crouch was heading towards Mrs. Adis’s house. The atmosphere in the woods was dark, windless, and clear. The darkness hid everything, and the only light was a few pricks of fire in the black sky above the trees. The absolute stillness of the night intensified every sound, making it distinct.
A3) Why does the writer conclude that the man was not successful? The writer concludes that the man was not successful judging by his appearance, which showed poverty.
A4) Do you judge a person by his outer appearance? However, it is not fair to judge a person based on their outer appearance as it is not always an accurate reflection of their personality or circumstances.
A5) Vocabulary: The sounds described in this extract are crackling, rustling, thud, and bark.
A6) Grammar:
When he came to Mrs. Adis’s cottage he paused a moment. (Clause: When he came to Mrs. Adis’s cottage) Only a small patch of grass lay between it and the road. (Subject: Only a small patch of grass, Verb: lay) 1 B) 1 Do as directed/ Transformation of the sentences. a) We have been in Sector 9, Jalgaon since 1990. b) The information must be true. I do not know. c) Listen, someone is singing a song.
Spot the error.
Electricity is cheap than coal.” The error in the sentence is “cheap than.” The correct sentence is “Electricity is cheaper than coal.”
Dialogue: Seeking Help After a Grave Mistake
Me: Hey, you look really worried. What’s wrong? Is everything okay? Friend/Sibling: Not really… I made a big mistake, and I don’t know what to do.
Me: Okay, take a deep breath. Tell me what happened. Friend/Sibling: Well, I accidentally broke the college lab equipment while experimenting without permission. It was really expensive, and I’m afraid I’ll get into serious trouble. I don’t know how to fix this.
Me: Oh, that does sound serious. But hiding it won’t solve the problem. Have you told anyone about it? Friend/Sibling: No, not yet. I’m scared they’ll punish me or even suspend me. That’s why I came to you. What should I do?
Me: I understand how you feel, but the first step is to take responsibility for your actions. Go to the teacher or the lab in-charge and explain what happened. Be honest and show that you regret your mistake. Friend/Sibling: But what if they don’t forgive me? Me: They might be upset at first, but they’ll respect your honesty. You could also offer to help pay for the damage or work on something to compensate for the loss. That will show that you’re serious about making things right.
Friend/Sibling: You’re right. I can’t keep running away from this. I’ll talk to the teacher tomorrow and explain everything. Thank you for guiding me. Me: That’s the spirit! Mistakes happen, but it’s how you handle them that matters. Don’t worry; I’ll be here if you need more help.
Friend/Sibling: Thanks again. I feel a bit better now.
