1.You are Rahul Patil, proprietor of Global Stations, Gandhi Vihar, Mumbai. Write to Ajanta Paper Mart, New Delhi, placing an order for stationery items for your shop.
Subject: Order for Stationery Items
Dear Ajanta Paper Mart,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am Rahul Patil, the proprietor of Global Stations in Gandhi Vihar, Mumbai. I am writing to place an order for stationery items for my shop.
Please find the list of items and quantities below:
1. 100 packs of A4 size paper
2. 50 boxes of ballpoint pens (blue ink)
3. 20 reams of white legal-size envelopes
4. 30 sets of assorted colored markers
5. 40 packs of sticky notes (assorted colors)
6. 50 packs of adhesive tape
Kindly provide a competitive price quote for the mentioned items, including any applicable taxes and delivery charges. Additionally, specify the payment terms and estimated delivery time.
I would appreciate it if you could process this order at your earliest convenience. If there are any promotions or discounts available, please inform me.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter. I look forward to a successful business relationship.
Sincerely,
Rahul Patil
Global Stations
Gandhi Vihar, Mumbai
2.You are the director of Aimsoft Computer Institute. You need desk top computers for your institute. Write a letter to the manager of Orient Systems. Nagpur, inviting a quotation for the same.
Subject: Request for Quotation – Desktop Computers
Dear Manager,
I trust this letter finds you in good health. I am writing to you in my capacity as the Director of Aimsoft Computer Institute. We are currently in the process of upgrading our computer systems and are interested in acquiring desktop computers for our institute.
After researching various options, we have identified Orient Systems as a reputed provider of quality computer systems. Therefore, we would like to invite you to submit a quotation for the following specifications:
3. Additional Software: Microsoft Office Suite (latest version)
4. Warranty and Support details
Please include any available discounts, payment terms, and delivery information in your quotation. Additionally, if there are any customization options or bulk purchase benefits, kindly provide details.
The quantity required is 30 units. We aim to finalize our decision by [mention a specific date], so we appreciate your prompt response.
You may send the quotation to [your email address] or fax it to [your fax number]. Should you have any questions or require further clarification, feel free to contact me at [your contact number].
We look forward to the possibility of establishing a business relationship with Orient Systems and appreciate your attention to this matter.
Subordinate clauses (also called dependent clauses) are clauses that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and function as part of a larger sentence. They are introduced by subordinating conjunctions, relative pronouns, or other markers. There are three main types of subordinate clauses:
1. Noun Clauses
Definition: Function as a noun in the sentence (subject, object, or complement).
Complement: The question is whether we should proceed.
2. Adjective (or Relative) Clauses
Definition: Modify a noun or pronoun, providing more information about it.
Key Markers: “who,” “whom,” “whose,” “which,” “that,” “where,” “when,” etc.
Examples:
The book that I borrowed is fascinating.
She is the one who helped me.
The house where they live is old.
3. Adverb Clauses
Definition: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, providing information about time, place, reason, condition, purpose, manner, etc.
Key Markers: Subordinating conjunctions like “because,” “since,” “if,” “although,” “when,” “while,” “after,” “before,” “unless,” etc.
Examples:
Adverb clause of Time: I’ll call you when I arrive.
Adverb clause of Reason: He stayed home because he was sick.
Adverb clause of Condition: If it rains, we’ll cancel the trip.
Adverb Clause of Place
Definition: Indicates the location where an action occurs.
Common Markers: where, wherever
Examples:
You can sit wherever you like.
The treasure is hidden where no one can find it.
They went where the road ended.
Adverb Clause of Purpose
Definition: Indicates the reason or goal of an action.
Common Markers: so that, in order that, for the purpose that
Examples:
She spoke slowly so that everyone could understand her.
He left early in order that he might catch the train.
They practice daily so that they can improve their skills.
Adverb Clause of Manner
Definition: Indicates the way or method in which an action is performed.
Common Markers: as, as if, as though
Examples:
He acted as if he knew the answer.
They worked as hard as they could.
She sings as though she were a professional.
Understanding these types helps in identifying and correctly using subordinate clauses in writing or speech.
1. (A) Identify the sub-ordinate clause and state its name:
1. If you are unable to work well, you will be fired. 2. I will wait until the next bus comes. 3. Pay heed to what the teacher says. 4. The time, which is lost, is lost forever. 5. This is the house that Jack built. 6. What he said was interesting. 7. This is the place where the accident happened. 8. It is the freedom that we must protect. 9. Even though they enjoyed them he was not attached them. 10. He is the boy who broke the window. 11. Tell me where you have been. 12. This is the man whom I met yesterday. 13. Come in when I ring the bell. 14. The boy who found the wallet was rewarded. 15. If you don’t hurry, you can’t meet me. 16. I can’t understand what he says. 17. Do you know who she is? 18. The girl who has won the prize is my sister. 19. He asked why I was late. 20. He worked so hard that he made himself ill. 21. My belief is that he is innocent. 22. The snake that bit my dog was killed. 23. It is a mystery who can have stolen the watch.
24. That was what he said. 25. This is the man I met at the theatre.
Key
Here’s the identification of the subordinate clauses and their types for each sentence:
1. Subordinate Clause: If you are unable to work well Type: Adverb Clause of Condition (introduced by “if”).
2. Subordinate Clause: until the next bus comes* Type: Adverb Clause of Time (indicates when the action happens).
3. Subordinate Clause: what the teacher say Type: Noun Clause (acts as the object of the preposition “to”).
4. Subordinate Clause: which is lost Type: Adjective Clause (modifies “the time” with “which”).
5. Subordinate Clause: that Jack built Type: Adjective Clause (describes “the house”).
6. Subordinate Clause: What he said Type: Noun Clause (acts as the subject of the sentence).
7. Subordinate Clause: where the accident happened Type: Adjective Clause (modifies “the place”).
8. Subordinate Clause: that we must protect* Type: Adjective Clause (describes “the freedom”).
9. Subordinate Clause: Even though they enjoyed them Type: Adverb Clause of Concession (contrasts with the main clause).
10. Subordinate Clause: who broke the window Type: Adjective Clause (modifies “the boy”).
11. Subordinate Clause: where you have been* Type: Noun Clause (acts as the direct object of “tell”).
12. Subordinate Clause: whom I met yesterday Type: Adjective Clause (modifies “the man”).
13. Subordinate Clause: when I ring the bell Type: Adverb Clause of Time (specifies when to “come in”).
14. Subordinate Clause: who found the wallet Type: Adjective Clause (describes “the boy”).
15. Subordinate Clause: If you don’t hurry Type: Adverb Clause of Condition (introduced by “if”).
16. Subordinate Clause: what he says Type: Noun Clause (acts as the object of “understand”).
17. Subordinate Clause: who she is Type: Noun Clause (acts as the object of “know”).
18. Subordinate Clause: who has won the prize Type: Adjective Clause (modifies “the girl”).
19. Subordinate Clause: why I was late Type: Noun Clause (acts as the object of “asked”).
20. Subordinate Clause: that he made himself ill Type: Adverb Clause of Result (shows the consequence of working hard).
21. Subordinate Clause: that he is innocent Type: Noun Clause (acts as a subject complement/predicate nominative).
22. Subordinate Clause: that bit my dog Type: Adjective Clause (describes “the snake”).
23. Subordinate Clause: who can have stolen the watch Type: Noun Clause(acts as a subject complement explaining “a mystery”).
24. Subordinate Clause: what he said Type: Noun Clause (acts as a predicate nominative).
25. Subordinate Clause: I met at the theatre (elliptical “whom”) Type: Adjective Clause (modifies “the man”; relative pronoun omitted).
Remember
1. Adjective Clauses modify nouns/pronouns (often introduced by who, which, that). 2. Adverb Clauses modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs (indicate time, condition, cause, etc.). 3. Noun Clauses function as subjects, objects, or complements (introduced by what, that, why, who, etc.).
B. Use the Sentence Linkers to rewrite a single sentence .
1. Why are you late? Tell me. → Tell me why you are late.
2. The police arrived. The mob dispersed. → The mob dispersed when the police arrived.
3. He has an unpleasant duty. He has to do it. → He has an unpleasant duty that he has to do.
4. The Chief Minister is going to visit our town. Tom says so. → Tom says that the Chief Minister is going to visit our town.
5. You gave me a pen. It is a very good one. → The pen that you gave me is a very good one.
Practice the following sentences. Give your answers in comment section.
6. He will deceive you. It is certain. 7. I have met a man. He knows your uncle. 8. He is intelligent. He does not work hard. 9. He sent me a book. This book was a best seller. 10. This was a bright night. We could see the things around. 11. He was poor. He was not greedy. 12. You are sad. Can you tell me the reason? 13. My mother advised me so. It did accordingly. 14. He is very old. He cannot walk. 15. I shall get the job. I hope so. 16. He bought a new car. Its cost was Rs. 1,20,000. 17. He lost his balance. He fell off the bicycle. 18. I went to the station. I wanted to see him off. 19. He felt tired. He put away his books. 20. He has a large family. He must provide for them. 21. I heard the noise. I woke up. 22. He will deceive you. It is certain. 23. He was sent to prison. He had stolen money. 24. Somebody called. I did not know him. 25. He is in many difficulties. He is cheerful. 26. I did not go. He did not call me. 27. He has not done the work. I want to know the reason.
Here is an exercise for Sentence Transformation – Negative and Interrogative
1. I was doubtful whether he would marry here. (Change into negative sentence)
2. Karim is stronger than Abdul. (Change into negative sentence)
3. No sooner had we started than it began to rain. (Change into affirmative sentence)
4. I will never forget that terrible day. (Change into affirmative sentence)
5. Everyone knows Mahatma Gandhi. (Change into interrogative sentence)
6. Prevention is better than cure. (Change into interrogative sentence)
7. Can I ever forget his help ? (Chanage into assertive sentence)
8. Is it not bad to bet on horses ? (Change into assertive sentence)
9. He denies stealing the purse. (change into negative sentence)
10. Mathematics is a difficult subject. (change into negative sentence)
11. I did not forget her face. (change into affirmative sentence)
12. No sooner did I see the snake than I ran away. (change into affirmative sentence)
13. Pratap will never misbehave. (change into interrogative sentence)
14. Everyone cannot go to the United States. (change into interrogative sentence)
15. Can we live without oxygen ? (change into assertive sentence)
16. Will he ever become the captain of the team ? (change into assertive sentence)
17. There is no smoke without fire. (change into affirmative sentence)
18. They are not so stupid as to trust you. (change into interrogative sentence)
19. I will always remember that terrible day. (Change into negative sentence)
20. All were present at the meeting. (Change into negative sentence)
21. He is not brave. (Change into affirmative sentence)
22. I am not sure that she will agree to it. (Change into affirmative sentence)
23. No-one has seen the wind. (Change into interrogative sentence)
24. That is not the way a gentleman should behave. (Change into interrogative sentence)
25. Do we live to eat ? (Change into assertive sentence)
26. Is there anything nobler than love ? (Change into assertive sentence)
27. Anil is sometimes foolish. (Change into negative sentence)
28. We can never forget our national heroes. (Change into interrogative sentence)
29. Atul is taller than Vijay. (change into negative sentence)
30. Shakespeare is the greatest of English poets. (change into negative sentence)
31. Rekha is not so pretty as Padma. (change into affirmative sentence)
32. No one but a fool would do it. (change into affirmative sentence)
33. Everyone wants to be happy. (change into interrogative sentence)
34. The leopard cannot change his spots. (change into interrogative sentence)
35. Do we live to eat ? (change into assertive sentence)
36. Can I ever forget those happy days ? (change into assertive sentence)
37. Tom is as clever as Dick. (change into negative sentence)
38. An honest man can become rich. (change into interrogative sentence.
Key for Do as directed 1
Here is the key for the above exercise on do as directed :
1. I was not sure whether he would marry here. 2. Abdul is not so strong as Karim. (,) Karim is not weaker than Abdul. 3. We had just started when it began to rain.(,) As soon as we started, it began to rain. 4. I will always remember that terrible day. 5. Who doesn’t know Mahatma Gandhi? 6. Is prevention better than cure? 7. I can never forget his help. 8. It is bad to bet on horses. 9. He does not admit stealing the purse. 10. Mathematics is not an easy subject. 11. I did not forget her face. 12. I saw the snake and then I ran away. 13. Will Pratap ever misbehave? 14. Can everyone go to the United States? 15. We cannot live without oxygen. 16. He will never become the captain of the team. 17. Is there smoke without fire ? 18. Are they so stupid as to trust you? 19. I will never forget that terrible day. 20. None were present at the meeting. 21. He is coward. 22. I am sure that she will agree to it. 23. Who has seen the wind? 24. Is that the way a gentleman should behave? 25. We do not live to eat. 26. Nothing is nobler than love. 27. Anil is not always foolish. 28. Can we ever forget our national heroes? 29. Atul is not shorter than Vijay. 30. No other poet is as great as Shakespeare. 31. Rekha is as pretty as Padma. 32. No one except a fool would do it. 33. Does everyone want to be happy? 34. Can the leopard change his spots? 35. We live to eat. 36. I can never forget those happy days. 37. Dick is cleverer than Tom. 38. Can’t an honest man become rich?
Grammar is the backbone of any language, providing structure and clarity to our communication. To communicate effectively, it’s essential to have a strong grasp of grammar rules. One way to improve your grammar skills is by practicing error identification, a technique known as “Spot the Error.” In this blog post, we will explore the importance of this exercise and provide tips to enhance your ability to spot grammatical errors in sentences.
The Significance of Spot the Error
Spot the Error exercises serve several purposes in the realm of language and communication:
1. Enhancing Language Proficiency: Identifying and correcting errors helps improve your language proficiency. By spotting mistakes, you become more aware of grammar rules and how they apply in different contexts.
2. Effective Communication: Accurate grammar ensures your message is clear and easily understood. It prevents miscommunication and misinterpretation, making you a more effective communicator.
3. Boosting Confidence: Mastering grammar can boost your confidence in both written and spoken language. You’ll feel more assured in your ability to express yourself correctly.
4. Polishing Your Writing Skills: Whether you’re a student, a professional, or a writer, spotting errors in your writing is essential for producing high-quality content.
To become proficient at spotting errors in sentences, consider the following tips:
1. Understand Grammar Rules: A strong foundation in grammar rules is crucial. Study the basics of subjects, verbs, tenses, and sentence structure.
2. Read Actively: When reading, pay attention to the structure and correctness of sentences. If something doesn’t sound right, investigate it further.
3. Practice Regularly: Engage in Spot the Error exercises, such as the questions listed at the beginning of this blog post. There are many resources, books, and websites that offer error identification exercises. Make use of online test
4. Proofread Your Work: Apply the same techniques to your own writing. After finishing a piece, review it for grammatical errors. This practice will not only improve your writing but also your error-spotting abilities.
5. Seek Feedback: Ask for feedback from peers, teachers, or editors. They can provide valuable insights into the errors you might be missing.
Common Grammatical Errors
Here are some common grammatical errors to watch out for:
1. Subject-Verb Agreement: Ensure that the subject and verb agree in number. For example, “He runs” (correct) vs. “He run” (incorrect).
2. Tense Shifts: Be consistent with verb tenses within a sentence. Avoid shifting from past to present or future tense without a reason.
3. Pronoun Errors: Use pronouns correctly, such as “he,” “she,” “it,” and “they.” For example, “Him and I went to the store” (incorrect) vs. “He and I went to the store” (correct).
4. Misplaced Modifiers: Make sure that descriptive words or phrases are placed next to the words they modify to avoid confusion.
5. Double Negatives: Avoid using double negatives in a sentence, as they can lead to confusion. For example, “I don’t want no pizza” (incorrect) vs. “I don’t want any pizza” (correct).
Conclusion
Spotting errors in sentences is a valuable skill that enhances your understanding of grammar, improves your writing, and contributes to effective communication. By following the tips outlined in this blog post and practicing regularly, you can become a more proficient and confident communicator. Remember that grammar is not about being pedantic but about ensuring that your message is clear and easily comprehensible. So, start honing your grammar skills today and elevate your language proficiency.
Exercise on Spot the Error
Here’s a list of questions related to finding errors in sentences. You can use these questions to test your grammar and language skills:
1.”She don’t like pizza” 2.”I have went to the store” 3.”The cat laid on the couch” 4.”His car is more expensive than she’s.” 5. “I’m allergic to all seafood, except for shrimp” 6. “The teacher explained the topic good” 7. He runs more fast than his friend. 8. “Every students completed the assignment on time” 9. “She sings good, but he sings better.” 10. “The weather was too hot to go for a walk”.
Instructions: Spot the error and correct the grammatical error in the following sentences.
Despite of his efforts, he couldn’t solve the complex math problem.
The concert was so good, it made everyone to cheer and clap.
Neither of the students are aware about the upcoming exam.
My sister, along with her friends, are planning to visit the art museum next weekend.
The company is looking for someone who is skilled in both programming and communication skills.
Each of the team members have their own responsibilities.
Running in the rain, I got completely soak.
The cake, which was baked by Maria, it was delicious.
The movie was not only entertaining but also it had a meaningful message.
Neither John nor his friends have received the invitation.
Answers given below
Here’s the feedback for the mixed grammar exercise:
1. Correction: Despite his efforts, he couldn’t solve the complex math problem.
2. Correction: The concert was so good that it made everyone cheer and clap.
3. Correction: Neither of the students is aware of the upcoming exam.
4. Correction: My sister, along with her friends, is planning to visit the art museum next weekend.
5. Correction: The company is looking for someone who is skilled in both programming and communication.
6. Correction: Each of the team members has their own responsibilities.
7. Correction: Running in the rain, I got completely soaked.
8. Correction: The cake, which was baked by Maria, was delicious.
9. Correction: The movie was not only entertaining but also had a meaningful message.
10. Correction: Neither John nor his friends has received the invitation.
Learning a new language can be a daunting task, but in today’s digital age, we have access to a wide range of tools and resources that can make the process easier and more enjoyable. One such tool that has been gaining popularity in recent years is ChatGPT, a powerful AI language model developed by OpenAI. In this blog post, we will explore how ChatGPT can be a valuable resource for learning English, whether you’re a beginner or looking to improve your language skills.
What is ChatGPT?
ChatGPT is an advanced AI language model that can understand and generate human-like text based on the input it receives. It’s not just a chatbot; it’s a versatile language model that can assist with a wide range of language-related tasks. Whether you want to practice conversation, improve your writing, or expand your vocabulary, ChatGPT can be your go-to companion for learning English.
How ChatGPT Can Help You Learn English
Conversational Practice: ChatGPT can engage in conversations on a wide range of topics. This is especially valuable for English learners who want to improve their speaking and listening skills. You can have a natural conversation with ChatGPT, and it can provide you with instant feedback on your pronunciation and grammar. It’s like having a conversation partner available 24/7.
Grammar and Writing Assistance: Writing is a fundamental aspect of language learning. ChatGPT can help you improve your writing skills by providing suggestions and corrections for your essays, emails, or any other written content. It can help you understand complex grammar rules and ensure your writing is clear and coherent.
Vocabulary Expansion: ChatGPT has an extensive vocabulary and can introduce you to new words and phrases. If you come across a word you don’t understand, you can simply ask ChatGPT for an explanation and example sentences. It’s an excellent tool for building your English vocabulary.
Cultural Insights: Language is deeply connected to culture. ChatGPT can provide insights into English-speaking cultures, including idiomatic expressions, cultural references, and social norms. Understanding the cultural context of the language can help you become a more fluent and culturally aware speaker.
Customized Learning: ChatGPT can adapt to your learning needs. Whether you’re a beginner or an advanced learner, you can adjust the complexity of the conversations and topics to match your skill level. This personalized approach makes learning English with ChatGPT effective and enjoyable.
Accessibility and Convenience: Unlike traditional language learning methods, ChatGPT is available 24/7 through the app, making it a convenient option for learners with busy schedules. You can practice English whenever and wherever you want, as long as you have your mobile device.
Tips for Effective Language Learning with ChatGPT
To make the most of your English learning journey with ChatGPT, here are some tips to keep in mind:
Set Specific Goals: Define your language learning objectives, whether it’s to improve your speaking, writing, or overall communication skills.
Regular Practice: Consistency is key. Make a habit of interacting with ChatGPT daily to reinforce your learning.
Variety of Topics: Explore a wide range of topics to expand your vocabulary and knowledge.
Ask for Feedback: Don’t hesitate to ask ChatGPT for feedback on your language skills. It can help you identify areas that need improvement.
Combine with Other Resources: While ChatGPT is a valuable tool, consider complementing it with traditional language learning resources such as textbooks, courses, and language exchange partners.
Stay Patient and Persistent: Learning a language takes time. Be patient with yourself and keep pushing forward.
In conclusion, learning English with ChatGPT is an innovative and effective approach that leverages the power of AI to enhance your language skills. Whether you’re a beginner or looking to fine-tune your English proficiency, ChatGPT can be your constant companion, providing conversational practice, grammar assistance, vocabulary expansion, cultural insights, and more. By incorporating ChatGPT into your language learning routine, you can make significant progress in your English proficiency and open up new opportunities for communication and understanding in the English-speaking world. Happy learning!
How can I learn English with myself?
Learning English on your own can be rewarding. Start by reading books, watching movies, and listening to podcasts in English. Use language learning apps, practice speaking by recording yourself, and find language exchange partners online. Consistency is key, so set small goals and practice regularly.
