The suffix “-cide” comes from the Latin word “caedere,” meaning “to kill.” It is used in various terms to indicate the act of killing or the substance used for killing. Here are some words with suffix “-cide” along with their meanings:

1. Homicide: The act of killing another human being.

2. Suicide: The act of intentionally taking one’s own life.

3. Genocide: The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

4. Insecticide: A substance used for killing insects.

5. Pesticide: A substance used for killing pests, especially insects harmful to crops.

6. Herbicide: A substance used to kill unwanted plants or weeds.

7. Infanticide: The act of killing an infant or young child.

8. Regicide: The act of killing a king or monarch.

9. Patricide: The act of killing one’s father.

10. Matricide: The act of killing one’s mother.

11. Fratricide: The act of killing one’s brother.

12. Sororicide: The act of killing one’s sister.

13. Uxoricide: The act of killing one’s wife.

14. Filicide: The act of killing one’s child.

15. Ecocide: The destruction or killing of the natural environment.

16. Fungicide: A substance used to kill fungi or fungal spores.

17. Germicide: A substance or agent that kills germs or microorganisms.

18. Vermicide: A substance used to kill worms, especially parasitic worms.

19. Bactericide: A substance that kills bacteria.

20. Deicide: The act of killing a god or deity.

Suffix -fy

Here’s a list of words with the suffix -fy, along with their meanings and example sentences:

1. Amplify

Meaning: To make something louder, larger, or more intense. Sentence: The speakers were used to amplify the sound of the singer’s voice.

2. Clarify

Meaning: To make something clearer or easier to understand. Sentence: Can you clarify your instructions so that everyone understands?

3. Beautify

Meaning: To make something more beautiful or attractive. Sentence: She planted flowers in the garden to beautify the surroundings.

4. Simplify

Meaning: To make something simpler or easier to do or understand. Sentence: The teacher tried to simplify the complex math problem for the students.

5. Justify

Meaning: To show or prove that something is right or reasonable. Sentence: He tried to justify his actions by explaining his reasoning.

6. Purify

Meaning: To remove contaminants or impurities from something. Sentence: The water treatment plant works to purify the drinking water.

7. Solidify

Meaning: To make something more solid, strong, or definite. Sentence: The team worked hard to solidify their plans for the project.

8. Personify

Meaning: To represent something abstract in human form. Sentence: The author chose to personify nature, giving the wind a voice and personality.

9. Nullify

Meaning: To make something legally invalid or ineffective. Sentence: The court ruling will nullify the earlier agreement between the two parties.

10. Electrify

Meaning: To charge with electricity or to excite or thrill someone. Sentence: The crowd was electrified by the band’s energetic performance.

These words with the suffix -fy often imply a process of change or transformation.

Suffix -ee and -er, along with their meanings:

 

Words with -ee (Denotes the receiver of an action)

1. Interviewee Meaning: A person who is being interviewed.


2. Employee Meaning: A person who is employed by someone else.


3. Trainee Meaning: A person who is being trained for a job or skill.


4. Referee Meaning: A person who oversees the rules in a sports game or event.


5. Payee Meaning: A person to whom money is paid.


6. Absentee Meaning: A person who is not present in a place where they are supposed to be.


7. Appointee Meaning: A person who has been appointed to a position.


8. Addressee Meaning: The person to whom something (such as a letter) is addressed.


9. Escapee Meaning: A person who has escaped from a place.


10. Licensee Meaning: A person who holds a license, especially a business license.

Words with -er (Denotes the doer or performer of an action)

1. Interviewer Meaning: A person who asks questions during an interview.


2. Employer Meaning: A person or company that hires and pays people for work.


3. Trainer Meaning: A person who trains people or animals.


4. Referrer Meaning: A person who refers someone to another person or service.


5. Payer Meaning: A person who pays money.


6. Presenter Meaning: A person who presents something, such as a speech or award.


7. Reader Meaning: A person who reads, especially a person who reads books regularly.


8. Writer Meaning: A person who writes, especially as a profession.


9. Singer Meaning: A person who sings, either professionally or for pleasure.


10. Driver Meaning: A person who drives a vehicle.



These suffixes help distinguish between the one performing an action (-er) and the one receiving the action (-ee).

A Guide for translation for Std 9 and 10 Maharashtra State Board Students.

Translation plays a crucial role in the learning process, especially for Std 9 and 10 students following the Maharashtra State Board syllabus. Many students are required to translate content between English, Marathi, and Hindi for their academic tasks. Here are some practical tips to help improve your translation skills and achieve better results in exams.

• Understand the Context

Before translating any text, make sure you have a clear understanding of the overall context. Read the entire passage thoroughly in both the source and target languages. This will help you avoid word-for-word translation errors, which can lead to confusing or incorrect sentences.

• Focus on Meaning, Not Just Words

Translation is about conveying the meaning of a sentence or passage, not just translating each word individually. Marathi and English, for example, have different sentence structures. In English, sentences often follow the Subject-Verb-Object format, whereas Marathi might place the verb at the end. Always adapt your translation to fit the grammar rules of the target language.

For instance:

Marathi: “ती शाळेत गेली.” (Literal translation: “She school to went.”)

English: “She went to school.”

• Use the Right Vocabulary

For academic purposes, using the right terminology is crucial. Look for subject-specific terms, especially in Science, Social Studies, and Mathematics. Having a glossary of important terms in both languages can be helpful. For example:

Mathematics: “Circumference” in English is “परिघ” in Marathi.

Science: “Photosynthesis” in English is “प्रकाशसंश्लेषण” in Marathi.

• Maintain Sentence Structure

While translating, pay attention to maintaining the sentence structure and flow of the original text. Ensure that your sentences are grammatically correct and clear. Avoid unnecessarily long or complicated sentences, as this can make the translation harder to understand.

For example:

Original: “The Earth revolves around the Sun.”

Marathi Translation: “पृथ्वी सूर्याभोवती फिरते.”

• Be Aware of Cultural Differences

Some words and phrases may not have a direct translation due to cultural differences. In these cases, you might need to paraphrase or explain the concept in the target language. For example, idiomatic expressions in Marathi or Hindi often don’t have an exact English equivalent and should be translated in a way that retains the original meaning.

Example:

Marathi idiom: “डोक्यावर बर्फ ठेवणे.” (Literal translation: “Keep ice on your head.”)

Meaning in English: “Stay calm.”

• Practice Consistently

Like any skill, translation improves with practice. Dedicate time to translating different types of texts—passages from textbooks, essays, and even exam questions. Over time, you’ll become more comfortable with sentence structures and vocabulary in both languages.

• Double-Check for Errors

After completing a translation, always review your work. Check for:

Grammatical mistakes.

Missing or added information.

Incorrect word choices.

Unnatural sentence structures.

Reading the translation aloud can help identify awkward phrasing or errors that you might miss when reading silently.

• Leverage Technology Wisely

There are various online translation tools, such as Google Translate, that can provide quick translations. However, these should only be used as a reference, not the final translation. Automated tools often make mistakes, especially with complex academic content. Use them for guidance, but rely on your knowledge and understanding for accuracy.

• Seek Help When Needed

If you’re unsure about a particular word or phrase, don’t hesitate to ask your teachers, friends, or even consult a dictionary. Collaboration and discussion can enhance your translation skills.

Conclusion

Translation is a valuable skill for Std 9 and 10 students, especially those navigating multiple languages. By focusing on meaning, understanding context, and practicing regularly, you can improve your ability to translate academic content effectively. Remember, accuracy and clarity are key to successful translation, so take your time and strive for understanding rather than rushing through the process

Examples of Translation

Here are some examples of Marathi to English translations, which will help you understand how to convey the meaning while maintaining proper grammar and sentence structure.

Example 1: Simple Sentence

Marathi: मला शाळेत जायचं आहे.

English: I want to go to school.

Example 2: Compound Sentence

Marathi: आज मी अभ्यास केला आणि मग मित्रांसोबत खेळलो.

English: Today I studied, and then I played with my friends.

Example 3: Descriptive Sentence

Marathi: तो एक हुशार विद्यार्थी आहे जो नेहमी वर्गात प्रश्न विचारतो.

English: He is a smart student who always asks questions in class.

Example 4: Sentence with an Idiom

Marathi: तिच्या चेहऱ्यावर हसू फुलले होते.English: A smile blossomed on her face.

Example 5: Academic Sentence (Science)

Marathi: प्रकाशसंश्लेषण हा वनस्पतींचा अन्न तयार करण्याचा एक प्रक्रियात्मक भाग आहे.

English: Photosynthesis is a process by which plants prepare their food.

Example 6: Academic Sentence (History)

Marathi: छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराजांनी स्वराज्य स्थापन केले.

English: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj established Swarajya.

Example 7: Question

Marathi: तुझं नाव काय आहे?

English: What is your name?

Example 8: Complex Sentence

Marathi: जर आपण कठोर परिश्रम केले तर यश मिळवणे अवश्य आहे.

English: If we work hard, success is certain.

Example 9: Dialogue

Marathi: आई: तुला भूक लागली का?मुलगा: हो, मला खूप भूक लागली आहे.

English: Mother: Are you hungry?Son: Yes, I am very hungry.

Example 10: Expressing an Opinion

Marathi: मला असं वाटतं की शाळेत शिक्षणाच्या आधुनिक पद्धती वापरायला हव्यात.

English: I think that modern methods of education should be used in schools.

Example 11: Instructional Text

Marathi: कृपया दिलेले सर्व प्रश्न सोडवा आणि उत्तर पुस्तिकेत लिहा.

English: Please solve all the given questions and write them in the answer sheet.

Example 12: Poetic Line

Marathi: नदी वाहते, झाडं झुकतात, पाऊस पडतो.English: The river flows, the trees bend, and the rain falls.

These examples demonstrate how translation requires adjusting the sentence to fit the grammar rules of English while preserving the meaning of the original Marathi text.

The Price of Truth

In the small coastal town of Rivertown, Dr. Thomas Stockman was once hailed as a hero. His discovery of contaminated water in the town’s main tourist attraction, the famous Hot Springs Resort, had saved countless lives. However, his triumph quickly turned to turmoil as he became the target of wrath and condemnation.As news of the contaminated water spread, panic swept through Rivertown. The town’s economy depended heavily on tourism, and the revelation threatened to bankrupt many businesses. The townsfolk turned against Dr. Stockman, labeling him an enemy of the people.Dr. Stockman’s own brother, Mayor Daniel , led the charge against him. Fueled by greed and self-interest, the Mayor accused his brother of spreading false rumors to destroy the town’s economy. The once close-knit family found themselves torn apart by conflicting loyalties.Despite facing hostility from all sides, Dr. Stockman refused to back down. He continued to speak out against the pollution, urging the townspeople to prioritize their health over profit. But his pleas fell on deaf ears as the majority of the town saw him as a pariah.As tensions reached a boiling point, Dr. Stockman’s wife, Sarah, stood by his side unwaveringly. She believed in her husband’s integrity and dedication to the truth, even as their marriage faced its toughest test.In a climactic town hall meeting, Dr. Stockman presented irrefutable evidence of the contamination, obtained through exhaustive research and testing. But the Mayor and his supporters refused to accept the truth, accusing Dr. Stockman of fabricating evidence.In the end, Dr. Stockman’s unwavering determination to expose the truth came at a great personal cost. He was ostracized by the town, his reputation tarnished, and his family torn apart. But in the face of adversity, Dr. Stockman remained resolute, knowing that he had fought for what was right, even if it meant standing alone against the tide of opposition.

Summary of An Enemy of the People

An Enemy of the People is a play written by Henrik Ibsen in 1882. It explores themes of truth, morality, and the conflict between individual ethics and public opinion.

Plot Summary:

The play is set in a small Norwegian town that thrives on its newly established public baths, which attract tourists and bring economic prosperity. Dr. Thomas Stockmann, a medical officer, discovers that the water in the baths is contaminated with harmful bacteria, posing a serious health risk. He believes that by exposing this truth, he will be hailed as a hero for protecting public health.

However, when Dr. Stockmann shares his findings with the town authorities, including his brother Peter Stockmann, the town’s mayor, he faces strong opposition. Peter argues that fixing the problem would be too costly and would ruin the town’s economy. He persuades the townspeople, business owners, and the media to reject Dr. Stockmann’s claims.

Dr. Stockmann insists on revealing the truth, but the townspeople turn against him, branding him “an enemy of the people.” His house is attacked, his children face social exclusion, and he loses his job. Despite this, he refuses to compromise his principles. In the final act, he decides to stay in the town, vowing to educate the next generation with the truth, believing that “the strongest man in the world is the one who stands most alone.”

Themes:

Truth vs. Popular Opinion: The play highlights how society often rejects inconvenient truths.

Corruption and Self-Interest: The authorities prioritize economic gain over public health.

The Power of the Individual: Dr. Stockmann stands firm against the majority, demonstrating moral courage.


An Enemy of the People remains relevant today, reflecting how whistleblowers and truth-seekers often face resistance when challenging powerful institutions.

1) Write the character Sketch of Dr. Stockmann

Dr. Stockmann is an idealistic, courageous doctor who discovers contamination in the town’s spa. Despite opposition, he refuses to compromise truth. His honesty isolates him, branding him an “enemy of the people.” His resilience symbolizes integrity, highlighting society’s resistance to inconvenient truths and the struggle between morality and self-interest.

2) Describe climax Scene of the play ‘Enemy of the people’.

The climax occurs when Dr. Stockmann exposes the contaminated spa water, expecting support. Instead, the townspeople, fearing economic loss, turn against him. Declared an “enemy of the people,” he faces rejection and ruin. This moment highlights societal corruption, resistance to truth, and the personal cost of standing for justice.

3) What role does Mayor Peter Stockmann play in the conflict?

Mayor Peter Stockmann, Dr. Stockmann’s brother, represents authority and political power. He opposes Dr. Stockmann’s discovery about the contaminated spa, fearing economic loss. He manipulates the press and the townspeople to suppress the truth, portraying his brother as a threat. His character highlights corruption, self-interest, and resistance to change.

4) How does the press manipulate public opinion in the play?

Initially supporting Dr. Stockmann, the press—led by Hovstad and Aslaksen—turns against him when they realize exposing the truth will harm their interests. They label him an “enemy of the people” and publish biased reports, showcasing how media can shape public perception and serve the powerful instead of truth.

5) What themes does An Enemy of the People explore?

The play explores themes of truth vs. self-interest, corruption, the power of the majority, and the cost of integrity. It criticizes societal resistance to change and blind conformity. Ibsen also questions democracy’s flaws, showing how truth can be suppressed when it threatens economic and political stability.

6) How does Dr. Stockmann’s family react to his struggles?

Dr. Stockmann’s wife, Katherine, worries about their family’s future but supports him. His daughter, Petra, strongly stands by his ideals. However, his in-laws and the town turn against him. Despite financial ruin and social isolation, his immediate family remains loyal, reinforcing the play’s theme of personal sacrifice for truth.

7) What message does Ibsen convey through Dr. Stockmann’s character?

Ibsen portrays Dr. Stockmann as a symbol of truth and integrity, emphasizing that standing against the majority can lead to isolation. He critiques society’s resistance to uncomfortable truths, warning that democracy can be flawed when the majority prioritizes convenience over justice. The play encourages moral courage and independent thinking.

Summary of Nose versus Eyes

The poem Nose versus Eyes describes a humorous dispute between the nose and the eyes over who should wear spectacles. Tongue, personified as a lawyer, argues on behalf of the nose, while Chief Baron Ear acts as the judge. Tongue argues that since the nose has always worn spectacles, it should continue to do so. Additionally, Tongue points out that spectacles are designed to fit the nose snugly. The poem ends with a playful question about who would wear spectacles if faces didn’t have noses.

Appreciation of Nose versus Eyes

This poem employs personification and wit to humorously explore the concept of ownership and utility of spectacles. The use of anthropomorphism, with body parts taking on roles typically reserved for humans, adds an amusing layer to the debate. The clever arguments presented by Tongue on behalf of the nose, along with the playful tone of the poem, make it an enjoyable and thought-provoking piece. Additionally, the poem’s conclusion leaves the reader with a lighthearted question to ponder, adding to its charm. Overall, the poem is a delightful exploration of a whimsical scenario.

Theme:The primary theme of the poem is the playful exploration of perspective and ownership. Through the humorous dispute between the nose and the eyes over who should wear spectacles, the poem delves into the concepts of possession, tradition, and utility.

Poetic Devices: Figures of Speech

1. Personification: The poem personifies body parts such as the nose, eyes, tongue, and ear, giving them human-like qualities and roles. This adds humor and whimsy to the poem.

2. Metaphor: The spectacles are metaphorically represented as objects of contention and symbolize ownership and identity.

3. Rhyme Scheme: The poem follows a regular AABB rhyme scheme in each stanza, contributing to its rhythmic flow and playful tone.

4. Alliteration: The repetition of consonant sounds, such as in “spectacles set” and “Tongue was the lawyer,” adds a musical quality to the poem.

5. Imagery: Vivid imagery is used to describe the spectacles and their fit on the nose, enhancing the reader’s visualization of the scene.

6. Irony: The poem employs irony by presenting a lighthearted dispute over spectacles between body parts, which is inherently absurd yet entertaining.

7. Hyperbole: The exaggerated argument presented by Tongue on behalf of the nose, such as claiming possession of spectacles “time out of mind,” adds to the comedic effect of the poem.

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/15hiHZvljm-f9emZpPago6AFYeBTsYAj79i7bgAAc-tA/edit?usp=drivesdk

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/15hiHZvljm-f9emZpPago6AFYeBTsYAj79i7bgAAc-tA/edit?usp=drivesdk

Examples of Relative Pronouns:

Study the relative pronouns used in the following sentences.

1. The dog that barks loudly at night belongs to my neighbor.

2. She is the teacher who inspired me to pursue my dreams.

3. The cake which she baked for the party was delicious.

4. He is the artist whose paintings adorn the gallery walls.

5. The car that I want to buy is out of my budget.

Exercise:Fill in the blanks with the appropriate relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, or that.

1. The house _______ we visited last week had a stunning view of the mountains.

2. Is she the student _______ won the science competition?

3. The movie, _______ was released last month, received critical acclaim.

4. The man _______ I met at the conference offered me a job opportunity.

5. The book _______ cover is torn belongs to my sister.

6. He is the doctor _______ treated my grandmother with care and compassion.

7. The restaurant, _______ serves Italian cuisine, is always crowded on weekends.

8. The cat _______ chased the mouse is now sleeping peacefully.

9. The team _______ won the championship celebrated their victory with a parade.

10. She is the author _______ novels have been translated into multiple languages.

Answers:1. that2. who3. which4. whom5. whose6. who7. which8. that9. that10. whose

Join the following sentences using relative pronouns:

1. The scientist made a groundbreaking discovery. – The discovery will revolutionize the field of medicine. Ans: The scientist *who* made a groundbreaking discovery will revolutionize the field of medicine.

2. The book is lying on the table. You were searching for the book.

Ans: The book *that* you were searching for is lying on the table.

3. The movie received rave reviews from critics. – My friends and I watched the movie last night.

Ans: The movie *that* my friends and I watched last night received rave reviews from critics.

4. The car has a flat tire. – You borrowed the car from your neighbor.

Ans : The car *which* you borrowed from your neighbor has a flat tire.

5. The athlete won the gold medal. – I interviewed the athlete for the magazine.

Ans: The athlete *whom* I interviewed for the magazine won the gold medal.

6. The house was built in the 19th century. – My grandparents used to live in the house.

Ans: The house *where* my grandparents used to live was built in the 19th century.

7. The laptop was on sale. – I purchased the laptop last week. –

Ans: The laptop *that* I purchased last week was on sale.

8. The dog is very friendly. – My neighbors own the dog.

Ans: The dog *that* my neighbors own is very friendly.

9. The restaurant serves delicious food. – We often dine at the restaurant.

Ans: The restaurant *where* we often dine serves delicious food.

10. The actor received an Oscar nomination. – I admire the actor’s work.

Ans : The actor *whose* work I admire received an Oscar nomination.