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A Glimpse of Grammar

A Glimpse of Grammar – Rules with Marathi Explanation (Std. 12)

A Glimpse of Grammar

1. Tenses (काळ)

a) Present Perfect Tense

Subject + has / have + V³

Marathi Explanation (नियमाचे स्पष्टीकरण):भूतकाळात केलेली क्रिया आता नुकतीच पूर्ण झालेली आहे किंवा तिचा परिणाम आताच्या काळात दिसतो, तेव्हा हा काळ वापरतात.

Example:👉 She has completed her homework.

(b) Past Perfect Tense

Subject + had + V³

Marathi Explanation:भूतकाळातील एका क्रियेपूर्वी दुसरी क्रिया पूर्ण झालेली होती, तेव्हा Past Perfect वापरतात.

Example:👉 The train had left before we reached the station.

c) Future Perfect Tense

Rule:Subject + will have + V³

Marathi Explanation:भविष्यात एखाद्या ठराविक वेळेपर्यंत क्रिया पूर्ण झालेली असेल, तेव्हा हा काळ वापरतात.

Example:👉 I will have finished my syllabus by March.

d) Perfect Continuous Tense

Rule:Subject + has / have / had + been + V + ing

Marathi Explanation:भूतकाळात सुरू झालेली क्रिया आतापर्यंत सतत चालू आहे किंवा काही काळ चालू होती, हे दाखवण्यासाठी वापरतात.

Example:👉 They have been studying English for two years.

2. Articles (a, an, the)

Rule:a / an – अनिश्चित, सर्वसाधारण नाम

the – ठराविक, ओळखीचे नाम

Marathi Explanation:कोणतीही वस्तू प्रथमच सांगताना a / an वापरतो.तीच वस्तू पुन्हा सांगताना किंवा ठराविक असेल तर the वापरतो.

Example:👉 She bought a pen. The pen is blue.

3. Prepositions (पूर्वसर्ग)Rule:नाम किंवा सर्वनामाच्या आधी येऊन त्याचा इतर शब्दांशी संबंध दाखवतात.

Marathi Explanation:वेळ, ठिकाण, दिशा, स्थिती दाखवण्यासाठी prepositions वापरले जातात.

Example:👉 The book is on the table.

4. Transformation of Sentences (वाक्य रूपांतरण)

a) SimpleCompound

Rule:दोन स्वतंत्र clauses and / but / so ने जोडावेत.Marathi Explanation:दोन साधी वाक्ये जोडून उभयान्वयी अव्ययाने compound sentence बनवतात.

Example:👉 He was tired but he continued working.

b) Simple → Complex

Rule:मुख्य clause + subordinate clause(using because, when, although, who, that)

Marathi Explanation:एका वाक्यात मुख्य वाक्य व अवलंबी वाक्य असते, तेव्हा complex sentence बनते.

Example:👉 I know the boy who is standing there.

5. Affirmative → Negative

Rule:अर्थ न बदलता not / no / never / hardly वापरणे.Marathi Explanation:होकारार्थी वाक्य नकारार्थी करताना अर्थ तोच राहिला पाहिजे.

Example:👉 He is clever.

➡️ He is not foolish.

6. If…not → Unless

Rule:If + not = Unless

Marathi Explanation:अट दाखवताना if not ऐवजी unless वापरता येते.

Example:👉 If you do not hurry, you will miss the bus.

➡️ Unless you hurry, you will miss the bus.

7. Degrees of Comparison

Rule:Positive → Comparative → Superlative

Marathi Explanation:तुलना करताना वाक्याचा degree बदलतो, पण अर्थ तोच ठेवला जातो.

Example:👉 No other student is as intelligent as Riya.

➡️ Riya is more intelligent than any other student.

8. Either…or / Neither…nor

Either…or

Marathi Explanation:दोन पर्यायांपैकी एकच पर्याय स्वीकारला जातो.

Example:👉 Either you stay here or you go home.

Neither…nor

Marathi Explanation:दोन्ही गोष्टींचा पूर्ण नकार दर्शवतो.

Example:👉 Neither the teacher nor the students were absent.

9. Not only… but also

Rule:जास्त जोर देण्यासाठी वापर.Marathi Explanation:एखादी गोष्ट सांगताना दोन गुणांवर भर देण्यासाठी हा जोडशब्द वापरतात.

Example:👉 She is not only beautiful but also intelligent.

10. So… that

Rule:कारण–परिणाम दाखवतो.

Marathi Explanation:एखाद्या गुणाचा किंवा परिस्थितीचा परिणाम दाखवण्यासाठी वापर.

Example:👉 He was so weak that he could not walk.

11. Framing Wh-Questions

Rule:Wh-word + helping verb + subject + main verb

Marathi Explanation:माहिती विचारण्यासाठी विधान वाक्याचे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यात रूपांतर करतात.

Example:👉 She is waiting for her friend.

➡️ Whom is she waiting for?

12. Rhetorical → Assertive

Marathi Explanation:उत्तर अपेक्षित नसलेला प्रश्न विधानात बदलला जातो.

Example:👉 Who does not like success?

➡️ Everyone likes success.

13. Assertive → Rhetorical

Marathi Explanation:विधान वाक्याला भावनिक जोर देण्यासाठी प्रश्नवाचक बनवतात.

Example:👉 We should obey our parents.

➡️ Should we not obey our parents?

14. Change the Voice (Active → Passive)

Rule:Object + helping verb (be) + past participle (V³) + by + subject

Marathi Explanation:Active voice मध्ये कर्ता महत्त्वाचा असतो, तर Passive voice मध्ये कर्म महत्त्वाचे होते.Object ला subject बनवले जाते.

Example:👉 She writes a letter

.➡️ A letter is written by her.

15. Direct Speech → Indirect Speech

Rule:Said to → told

Inverted commas काढा Tense बदलतो (past मध्ये)

Marathi Explanation:कोणाचे शब्द जसेच्या तसे सांगितले असतील तर Direct speech,तेच शब्द अर्थ बदल न करता सांगितले तर Indirect speech.

Example:👉 He said, “I am tired.”

➡️ He said that he was tired.

16. Gerund (Verb + ing as noun)

Rule:Verb + ing जेव्हा नामासारखे वापरले जाते तेव्हा Gerund.

Example:👉 Reading improves knowledge.

4. Infinitive (to + verb)

Rule:to + base form of verb

Example:👉 She wants to learn English.

5. Modal Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) Used for

a) May- Permission / Example:👉 You may enter the room.

b) Should – Advice

Example:👉 You should respect your teachers.

c) WouldRule: Polite request / habit in past

Example:👉 He would help the poor.

d) Used to Past habit भूतकाळातील सवय जी आता नाही.Example:👉 I used to play cricket daily.

e) Must – Compulsion / strong necessity.

Example:👉 You must obey the rules.

f) Will – Future action / determination / certainty Example:👉 I will succeed.

🎯 Std. 12 विद्यार्थ्यांसाठी अंतिम सूचना✔ नियम + मराठी अर्थ समजून घ्या✔ रोज 2–3 रूपांतरण प्रश्न सोडवा✔ लेखी सराव करा

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4 Powerful Prose Lessons of Std 12 EnglishThe New Dress | Into the Wild | Why We Travel |

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4 Powerful Prose Lessons of Std 12 English

The New Dress | Into the Wild | Why We Travel | Voyaging Towards Excellence

4 powerful prose lessons

The prose lessons in Std 12 English help students understand human psychology, life choices, travel philosophy, and excellence in life.

This blog explains the remaining four prose lessons in a simple, structured, and exam-focused manner.

1) The New Dress – Virginia Woolf

🔹 Summary

The story centres on Mrs. Mabel, who attends a party wearing a new dress. On seeing other women dressed fashionably, she feels her dress is old-fashioned. She becomes highly self-conscious and imagines that people are mocking her. Though no one openly criticizes her, her inner insecurity makes her unhappy. By the end, she realises that most of her suffering was created by her own mind.

🔹 Theme

Human psychology

Self-doubt and insecurity

Inner conflict

🔹 Message

Lack of self-confidence leads to unnecessary suffering.What we think matters more than what others think.Mental strength is essential for happiness.

🔹 Helpful Points to Remember

Stream of consciousness technique

Focus on inner thoughts, not action

Psychological realism

Modernist style

🔹 Guidelines to Think & Interpret

Emphasize Mrs. Mabel’s mental stateExplain how imagination dominates realityAvoid moralising; focus on psychology.

1) The New Dress – Virginia Woolf🔹 सविस्तर मराठी सारांश

ही कथा मिसेस मेबल या स्त्रीच्या मानसिक अवस्थेवर आधारित आहे. ती एका पार्टीसाठी नवीन ड्रेस शिवून घेते. पण पार्टीत गेल्यावर तिला वाटते की तिचा ड्रेस जुन्या पद्धतीचा आहे आणि इतर सगळ्या बायका आधुनिक कपडे घालून आल्या आहेत.यामुळे ती सतत अस्वस्थ होते. लोक तिच्याबद्दल काय विचार करत असतील, याची भीती तिला वाटते. कोणी तिची थट्टा करतो आहे का, असा संशय तिला येतो. प्रत्यक्षात लोक तिच्याकडे फारसे लक्ष देत नसतात, पण तिच्या मनात चाललेला आतला संघर्ष खूप तीव्र असतो.पार्टी संपल्यानंतर तिला हळूहळू जाणवते की, आपण उगाचच स्वतःला कमी लेखले. ही कथा माणसाच्या आत्मविश्वासाच्या कमतरतेवर आणि मानसिक तणावावर प्रकाश टाकते.👉 ही कथा मानवी मनातील गुंतागुंत दाखवते.

2) Into the Wild

🔹 Summary

The prose lesson Into the Wild presents two real-life experiences of individuals who chose to live close to nature and wildlife.The first experience is that of Kiran Purandare, an Indian writer and wildlife enthusiast. He lived in the Nagzira forest (नागझिरा) region. His narrative describes the challenges of forest life, the need for patience, self-discipline, and respect for nature. Living in the wild helped him understand the balance between human beings and nature.

The second experience is of Shaaz Jung, a well-known Indian wildlife photographer and conservationist. He lived in the forests of Tadoba–Andhari Tiger Reserve. His story highlights his passion for wildlife photography and his dedication to protecting endangered animals. Through courage and commitment, he chose an unconventional life devoted to conservation.Together, these two stories show how living close to nature transforms human thinking and teaches valuable life lessons.

🔹 Theme

Man and nature relationshipWildlife conservationCourage and unconventional life choices

🔹 Message

Nature must be respected and protected

Passion and dedication give meaning to life

Living close to nature develops discipline and responsibility

🔹 Helpful Points to Remember

Lesson has two real-life narratives

Indian context (Nagzira & Tadoba forests)

Focus on conservation and coexistence

Not a fictional adventure story

🔹 Guidelines to Think & Interpret

Focus on values, lifestyle, and learning

Highlight human–nature harmony

.

मराठी Paraphrase

किरण पुरंदरेंनी नागझिरा जंगलात काही काळ वास्तव्यास राहून निसर्गाच्या अगदी जवळचे जीवन अनुभवले. जंगलातील जीवन सोपे नसते. तिथे शहरासारख्या सोयी उपलब्ध नसतात. प्रत्येक गोष्ट स्वतःच्या कष्टाने मिळवावी लागते. जंगलात राहण्यासाठी संयम, शिस्त आणि सावधपणा आवश्यक असतो.निसर्गाशी जुळवून घेताना माणसाला स्वतःच्या मर्यादा कळतात. जंगलात राहिल्यामुळे लेखकाला निसर्गाचे महत्त्व समजले. झाडे, प्राणी आणि माणूस यांच्यातील समतोल किती आवश्यक आहे, हे त्याच्या लक्षात आले. या अनुभवामुळे त्याच्या जीवनाकडे पाहण्याच्या दृष्टिकोनात बदल झाला.👉 ही कथा निसर्गाशी सुसंवाद साधण्याचा आणि साधे, शिस्तबद्ध जीवन जगण्याचा संदेश देते.

2) Shaaz Jung – वन्यजीव छायाचित्रकार🔹 मराठी Paraphrase

शाझ जंग हे एक प्रसिद्ध वन्यजीव छायाचित्रकार आहेत. त्यांनी आरामदायी शहरजीवन सोडून जंगलात राहण्याचा निर्णय घेतला. त्यांचे मुख्य उद्दिष्ट वन्यप्राणी आणि जंगलाचे संरक्षण करणे हे होते. ते ताडोबा-अंधारी जंगल परिसरात वास्तव्यास होते.जंगलात राहणे धोकादायक असते, पण शाझ जंग यांनी धैर्य, संयम आणि चिकाटीने हे जीवन स्वीकारले. त्यांनी वाघ, इतर प्राणी आणि निसर्गाचे सुंदर छायाचित्रण केले. त्यांचे काम लोकांमध्ये वन्यजीव संवर्धनाबाबत जागरूकता निर्माण करते.👉 ही कथा आवड, ध्येय आणि निसर्गसंवर्धनासाठी दिलेल्या समर्पणाचे उदाहरण आहे.

3) Why We Travel – Pico Iyer

🔹 Summary

In this reflective essay, the author explains that travel is not just about visiting places but about self-discovery. Travel exposes us to new cultures, people, and perspectives. It broadens our outlook, increases tolerance, and helps us understand ourselves better. Travel, according to the writer, enriches life deeply.

🔹 Theme

Importance of travel

Self-discovery

Cultural understanding

🔹 Message

Travel transforms the mind and soul.Exposure leads to understanding and tolerance.True travel changes the traveller.

🔹 Helpful Points to Remember

Reflective and philosophical tonePersonal experiencesUniversal appealCalm, thoughtful language

🔹 Guidelines to Think & Interpret

Focus on inner change, not tourism

Link travel with personal growth

Use examples thoughtfully

Why We Travel – Pico Iyer🔹 सविस्तर मराठी सारांश

या निबंधात लेखक प्रवासाचे खरे महत्त्व स्पष्ट करतो. प्रवास म्हणजे केवळ पर्यटन नाही, तर स्वतःला शोधण्याचा एक मार्ग आहे.प्रवासामुळे माणूस नवीन संस्कृती, वेगळी माणसं आणि वेगवेगळ्या जीवनशैली अनुभवतो. त्यामुळे त्याची विचारसरणी व्यापक होते. प्रवास माणसाला सहनशील, समजूतदार आणि संवेदनशील बनवतो.लेखक सांगतो की, प्रवासामुळे आपण स्वतःकडे वेगळ्या नजरेने पाहायला शिकतो.

👉 प्रवास हा आत्मशोधाचा मार्ग आहे, असा संदेश लेखक देतो.

4) Voyaging Towards Excellence – Achyut Godbole


🔹 Summary
Voyaging Towards Excellence is an inspiring autobiographical prose piece by Achyut Godbole. The author shares his personal journey from an average student to a successful professional. Initially weak in academics, especially English, he gradually improves himself through continuous learning, discipline, hard work, and determination.
Godbole explains that excellence is not achieved suddenly; it is a continuous process of self-improvement. Life presents many failures and obstacles, but instead of giving up, one should learn from mistakes and move forward. He emphasizes that success depends on perseverance, positive attitude, and the courage to accept challenges.
🔹 Theme
Journey towards excellence
Importance of continuous learning
Self-development and perseverance
🔹 Message
Excellence is a journey, not a destination
Failures are stepping stones to success
Self-belief and hard work lead to growth
🔹 Helpful Points to Remember
Autobiographical and motivational prose
Real-life experiences
Focus on learning from failure
Simple and inspiring language
🔹 Guidelines to Think & Interpret
Focus on personal growth and transformation
Highlight the role of discipline and perseverance
Relate the lesson to student life and career goals
Explain how failure contributes to success.

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4 Powerful Prose Lessons Explained Simply – Std 12 English Complete Marathi Guide

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4 Powerful Prose Lessons Explained Simply

4 powerful prose lessons

Summary, Theme, Message, Key Points & Interpretation Guidelines

This blog covers the four important prose lessons:An Astrologer’s Day On Saying Please The Cop and the Anthem Big Data – Big Insights.Each lesson is explained with:Summary Theme Message Helpful points to remember Guidelines to think and interpret answers

1. An Astrologer’s Day – R. K. Narayan🔹

Summary

The story is about a poor astrologer who earns his living by pretending to read people’s future. One day, a man named Guru Nayak challenges him. The astrologer cleverly guesses his past and reveals that the man’s enemy is dead. In reality, the astrologer himself had once stabbed Guru Nayak and believed him to be dead. By chance and intelligence, the astrologer escapes danger and saves his life.

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4 powerful prose lessons (1 of 1)

ही कथा एका गरीब ज्योतिष्याभोवती फिरते. हा ज्योतिषी प्रत्यक्षात खरा ज्योतिषी नसून लोकांचे बोलणे, चेहऱ्यावरील भाव आणि मानसशास्त्राच्या आधारे भविष्य सांगतो. तो एका गावाच्या चौकात आपले दुकान थाटतो आणि लोकांकडून पैसे कमावतो.एका दिवशी गुरुनायक नावाचा एक माणूस त्याच्याकडे येतो आणि त्याला आव्हान देतो. गुरुनायक म्हणतो की, जर ज्योतिषीने त्याच्या आयुष्याबद्दल बरोबर सांगितले तर तो पैसे देईल, नाहीतर पैसे घेणार नाही.ज्योतिषी हळूहळू गुरुनायकच्या बोलण्यातून त्याचा भूतकाळ ओळखतो. त्याला कळते की गुरुनायक अनेक वर्षांपूर्वी एका भांडणात जखमी झाला होता आणि त्याचा शत्रू मेला असे त्याला वाटत होते. प्रत्यक्षात तो शत्रू म्हणजे हा ज्योतिषी स्वतःच असतो. ज्योतिषीने पूर्वी गुरुनायकवर हल्ला केला होता आणि तो मेला असे त्याला वाटले होते.परिस्थिती ओळखून ज्योतिषी अतिशय हुशारीने गुरुनायकला सांगतो की, तुझा शत्रू मेलाय आणि तू सुरक्षित आहेस. त्यामुळे गुरुनायक समाधानी होऊन निघून जातो. या घटनेनंतर ज्योतिषी ठरवतो की तो हे धोकादायक काम सोडून शांत आयुष्य जगेल.

👉 या कथेत योगायोग, विडंबन (Irony) आणि मानवी बुद्धिमत्ता यांचे सुंदर चित्रण आहे.

🔹 Theme

Fate vs. free will

Human intelligence and presence of mind

Irony and coincidence

🔹 Message

Intelligence is more powerful than knowledge. Past mistakes can be escaped through wisdom and change.Life often gives second chances.

🔹 Helpful Points to Remember

Simple village setting

Surprise ending

Irony is the key literary device

Ordinary man with extraordinary wit

🔹 Guidelines to Think & Interpret

Focus on irony and twist

Show how the astrologer uses psychology

Explain how chance changes destiny

2. On Saying Please – A. G. Gardiner🔹

Summary

The essay highlights the importance of politeness in daily life. Through an incident involving a liftman and a rude passenger, the writer explains how good manners cost nothing but create happiness and harmony.

🔹 सविस्तर मराठी सारांश On Saying Please

हा निबंध सभ्यता, नम्रता आणि चांगल्या वागणुकीचे महत्त्व सांगतो. लेखक एका लिफ्टमधील घटनेचा उल्लेख करतो. एका लिफ्टमॅनचे काम खूप कष्टाचे असते, पण तो प्रवाशांशी नेहमी नम्रपणे वागतो.एक प्रवासी मात्र उद्धटपणे वागतो, “Please” किंवा “Thank you” असे शब्द वापरत नाही. लेखक सांगतो की अशा वर्तनामुळे समाजात तणाव निर्माण होतो. नम्र शब्द वापरायला काहीच खर्च येत नाही, पण त्याचा परिणाम फार मोठा असतो.लेखक असे स्पष्ट करतो की, कायदा माणसाला शिक्षा करू शकतो, पण सभ्यता कायद्याने लादता येत नाही. ती मनातून यायला हवी. चांगले शब्द आणि सौजन्यपूर्ण वर्तनामुळे समाजात सौहार्द निर्माण होते.

👉 हा निबंध मानवी मूल्ये आणि सामाजिक शिस्त यावर प्रकाश टाकतो.

🔹 Theme

Importance of courtesy

Social behaviour

Human values

🔹 Message

Politeness makes life pleasant.

Rudeness destroys relationships.

Manners reflect character.

🔹 Helpful Points to Remember

Conversational tone

Real-life examples

Moral-based essay

Focus on social harmony

🔹 Guidelines to Think & Interpret

Relate examples to daily life

Highlight contrast between rudeness and politeness

Explain the social impact of manners

3. The Cop and the Anthem – O. Henry

🔹 Summary

Soapy, a homeless man, wants to go to prison to survive winter. He tries various tricks to get arrested, but fails every time. Finally, when he decides to change his life after hearing church music, he is arrested for loitering.

🔹 सविस्तर मराठी सारांश The Cop and the Anthem

ही कथा Soapy नावाच्या एका बेघर माणसाची आहे. हिवाळा सुरू झालेला असतो आणि Soapy ला थंडीपासून वाचण्यासाठी तुरुंगात जायचे असते, कारण तिथे त्याला अन्न आणि निवारा मिळेल.तो मुद्दाम गुन्हे करायचा प्रयत्न करतो – रेस्टॉरंटमध्ये पैसे न देता जेवणे, दुकानाची काच फोडणे, लोकांना त्रास देणे – पण पोलीस त्याला अटक करत नाहीत.शेवटी, एका चर्चमधून येणारे संगीत ऐकून Soapy च्या मनात बदल होतो. तो ठरवतो की तो आता चांगले आयुष्य जगेल आणि काम करेल. पण नेमक्याच त्या क्षणी पोलीस त्याला विनाकारण उभा राहिल्याबद्दल अटक करतात.

👉 या कथेत जीवनातील विडंबन (Irony) आणि समाजव्यवस्थेवरील टीका दिसून येते.

🔹 Theme

Irony of life

Society’s injustice

Human helplessness

🔹 Message

Society often punishes good intentions.True change is difficult due to social systems.Irony governs human life.

🔹 Helpful Points to Remember

Situational irony

Urban setting

Strong social criticism

Unexpected ending

🔹 Guidelines to Think & Interpret

Emphasize irony

Explain Soapy’s mental transformation

Critically view law and society

4. Big Data – Big Insights

🔹 Summary

The essay explains the concept of Big Data and how large volumes of data help businesses, governments, and scientists to predict trends, improve services, and make better decisions.

🔹 सविस्तर मराठी सारांश Big Data – Big Insights

हा निबंध आधुनिक जगातील Big Data या संकल्पनेवर आधारित आहे. आज आपण मोबाईल, इंटरनेट, सोशल मीडिया, बँकिंग व्यवहार यांमधून प्रचंड प्रमाणात माहिती (Data) तयार करतो.या मोठ्या प्रमाणातील माहितीचा योग्य वापर करून कंपन्या, सरकार आणि शास्त्रज्ञ महत्त्वाचे निर्णय घेतात. उदा. – हवामानाचा अंदाज, रोग नियंत्रण, व्यवसाय वाढ, ग्राहकांची गरज ओळखणे इत्यादी.लेखक सांगतो की, Big Data मुळे भविष्याचा अंदाज घेणे शक्य झाले आहे. मात्र, त्याचा वापर जबाबदारीने करणे आवश्यक आहे.

👉 हा निबंध तंत्रज्ञानाचे महत्त्व आणि भविष्यातील दिशा स्पष्ट करतो.

🔹 Theme

Role of technology

Data-driven world

Future of decision-making

🔹 Message

Data is the new power.

Proper use of data leads to progress.

Technology shapes modern life.

🔹 Helpful Points to Remember

Informative and factual style

Use of examples

Modern relevance

Technical vocabulary

🔹 Guidelines to Think & Interpret

Focus on applications of Big Data

Explain advantages clearly

Avoid storytelling; be factual

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Std 12 English Writing Skills – Students Friendly Practice Worksheets

Std 12 English Writing Skills – Practice Worksheets

Std 12 English Writing Skills

A Complete Guide for Board Exam Success

Writing skills play a crucial role in the Std 12 English Board Examination. They not only test a student’s language ability but also assess clarity of thought, creativity, organization, and expression. Regular practice of writing tasks helps students gain confidence and score better.This blog post provides a complete overview of all important writing skill areas prescribed in the Std 12 syllabus, along with practical guidance for students and teachers.

1. Summary Writing

Summary writing is the art of presenting the main ideas of a passage in a concise and clear manner.Key Points to Remember:Read the passage carefullyIdentify the central ideaExclude examples, repetitions, and extra detailsUse your own wordsMaintain logical sequenceExam Tip:Avoid personal opinions. Stick strictly to the given content.

2. Mind Mapping

Mind Mapping helps in organizing ideas visually and logically.

Why Mind Mapping is Important:

Improves understanding

Helps in planning answers

Enhances memory and creativity

How to Create a Mind Map:

Write the central idea in the center

Add branches for main points

Use keywords instead of long sentences

3. Composing a Four-Line Poem (Poetic Creativity)

Students are expected to compose a four-line poem on a given theme.

Guidelines:Stick to the given topic

Use simple but expressive language

Maintain rhythm or rhyme (if possible)

Express emotions or ideas creatively

Common Topics:Nature, Hope, Friendship, Life, Environment, Dreams

4. Drafting a Virtual Message

A virtual message is a short, clear message written on behalf of someone.

Important Points:

Include sender’s name

Mention date and time

Be brief and precise

Use polite language

Situations:Phone message, online meeting reminder, emergency message

5. Preparing a List of Interview Questions(Interview of a Renowned Personality)

This task checks a student’s ability to frame relevant and meaningful questions.

Tips for Framing Questions:

Begin with a brief introduction

Ask open-ended questions

Focus on achievements, struggles, and vision

Avoid yes/no questions

Examples:Questions for a writer, scientist, social worker, sportsperson, or teacher.

6. Book Review

A book review is a critical evaluation of a book.

Structure of a Book Review:

Title, author, and genre

Brief summary (without spoilers)

Characters and theme

Personal opinion

Recommendation

Exam Tip:Keep the language simple and balanced—avoid over-criticism.

7. Film Review

A film review evaluates a movie based on various aspects.

Points to Include:

Name of the film and director

Storyline (brief)

Acting, music, cinematography

Message of the film

Personal opinion and rating

8. Speech Writing

Speech writing tests the ability to express ideas formally and persuasively.

Format:

Salutation

Introduction

Main content

Conclusion

Thank you note

Popular Topics:Social issues, education, environment, youth, technology

9. Appeal Writing

Appeal writing is used to persuade people for a social cause.

Key Elements:

Catchy title

Clear purpose

Emotional and logical appeal

Call to action

Contact details

Common Themes:Blood donation, tree plantation, cleanliness, road safety

10. Report Writing

Report writing presents factual information in a structured way.

Types of Reports:Event report, Accident report, Camp or competition report

Format:

Title(Headline)

Date and place (Dateline)

Introduction (Intro)

Detailed description ,(Main Body)

Final Words

Mastering writing skills requires regular practice, proper guidance, and self-evaluation. Students should practice each writing type systematically and focus on clarity, structure, and relevance.

Teachers are encouraged to use these writing tasks as classroom activities, assignments, and practice sheets.

👉 For worksheets, examples, and daily practice material, visit:

🌐 englishforme.in

Learn • Practice • Succeed

Complete and Detail Summary of the Novels

2

Below are detailed, exam-oriented summaries of the three prescribed novels for Std 12 Maharashtra. Dealing with novel genre will become easy with this.

Detail Summary of the Novels

📕 To Sir, With Love – Detail Summary of the Novel

The novel To Sir, With Love is an autobiographical novel written by E. R. Braithwaite. It is set in post-war London and deals with the challenges faced by a Black teacher in a difficult school environment.

Rick Braithwaite, a qualified engineer from British Guiana, faces racial discrimination while searching for a suitable job. Due to limited opportunities, he accepts a teaching post at Greenslade Secondary School in London. The school has a poor reputation, and the students are known for their rude and undisciplined behaviour.

Initially, the students test Braithwaite’s patience by misbehaving and showing disrespect. Instead of using punishment, Braithwaite decides to treat them as responsible adults. He introduces discussions on real-life topics such as manners, hygiene, employment, and social responsibility. Gradually, the students begin to respect him.One turning point occurs when a female teacher is insulted by students. Braithwaite firmly but calmly handles the situation, winning the students’ trust. He encourages them to prepare for life beyond school rather than merely passing examinations.By the end of the novel, the students show remarkable improvement in behaviour and attitude.

The novel highlights the power of education, respect, patience, and human dignity.

Detail Summary of the Novel in Marathi

To Sir, With Love ही कादंबरी लेखकाच्या स्वतःच्या जीवनावर आधारित आहे. रिक ब्रेथवेट हा कृष्णवर्णीय शिक्षक असून त्याला वर्णद्वेषामुळे नोकरी मिळत नाही. शेवटी तो लंडनमधील एका शाळेत शिक्षक म्हणून रुजू होतो.त्या शाळेतील विद्यार्थी उद्धट आणि शिस्तहीन असतात. ब्रेथवेट शिक्षा न करता विद्यार्थ्यांना जबाबदार प्रौढांप्रमाणे वागवतो. तो त्यांना शिस्त, सन्मान, नीतीमूल्ये शिकवतो. हळूहळू विद्यार्थ्यांमध्ये सकारात्मक बदल होतो आणि शेवटी ते त्यांना “Sir” म्हणून संबोधतात. कादंबरी शिक्षणाचे सामाजिक महत्त्व दाखवते.

🌍 Around the World in Eighty Days – Detail Summary

Around the World in Eighty Days is an adventure novel written by Jules Verne. It reflects the spirit of scientific progress and global travel during the Victorian era.Phileas Fogg is a wealthy, punctual, and disciplined English gentleman living in London. He makes a wager of £20,000 at the Reform Club that he can travel around the world in eighty days.

Accompanied by his loyal servant Passepartout, he begins his journey immediately.Their journey takes them through Egypt, India, Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States. During the journey, they face many obstacles such as missed trains, storms, cultural challenges, and false accusations. In India, Fogg rescues Aouda, a young widow. Later she joins the journey.

Meanwhile, Detective Fix mistakenly believes Fogg to be a bank robber and follows him across countries, causing unnecessary delays. Despite these challenges, Fogg remains calm and determined.Near the end, Fogg believes he has lost the bet by one day. However, due to crossing the International Date Line, he gains an extra day and wins the wager. He also gains something more valuable—love and companionship—by marrying Aouda.

The novel celebrates determination, planning, courage, and the value of time.

Detail Summary of the Novel in Marathi

फिलीयस फॉग हा शिस्तप्रिय आणि वेळेचा पक्का इंग्लिश गृहस्थ आहे. तो ऐंशी दिवसांत पृथ्वीप्रदक्षिणा पूर्ण करण्याची पैज लावतो. पासेपार्टू या नोकरासोबत तो अनेक देशांतून प्रवास करतो.प्रवासात अनेक अडचणी येतात. भारतात तो औदा नावाच्या स्त्रीला वाचवतो. शेवटी आंतरराष्ट्रीय दिनरेषा ओलांडल्यामुळे त्याला एक दिवस जास्त मिळतो आणि तो पैज जिंकतो. ही कादंबरी धैर्य, नियोजन आणि वेळेचे महत्त्व सांगते.

🕵️ The Sign of the Four – Detail Summary

The Sign of the Four is a detective novel by Arthur Conan Doyle, featuring the famous detective Sherlock Holmes and his companion Dr. Watson.The story begins when Miss Mary Morstan seeks Holmes’ help. Her father disappeared years ago, and she has been receiving mysterious pearls. She also receives a letter inviting her to meet someone who knows the truth about her father.Holmes investigates and uncovers a complex mystery involving a stolen treasure from India, betrayal, and murder.

The case leads to the revelation that Major Sholto had wrongfully taken the treasure with others, forming a pact called “The Sign of the Four.”The mystery deepens with the murder of Bartholomew Sholto. Holmes tracks the criminal using his sharp observation and logical reasoning. The chase along the River Thames adds suspense to the story.The criminals are finally captured, and the truth about the treasure is revealed. However, the treasure is lost forever in the river. Justice is served, and Watson develops a close relationship with Mary Morstan, suggesting a hopeful future.

The novel highlights themes of crime, justice, loyalty, greed, and friendship, and showcases Holmes’ brilliant detective skills.

Detail Summary of the Novel in Marathi

The Sign of the Four ही गुप्तहेर कादंबरी आहे. मेरी मॉर्स्टन आपल्या वडिलांच्या गायब होण्याच्या प्रकरणासाठी शेरलॉक होम्सकडे येते. तिला मिळणाऱ्या मौल्यवान मोत्यांमागे गूढ रहस्य असते.
होम्स आपल्या बुद्धिमत्तेने आणि निरीक्षण शक्तीने गुन्ह्याचा तपास करतो. खजिना भारतातून चोरीला गेलेला असल्याचे समोर येते. शेवटी गुन्हेगार पकडले जातात. ही कादंबरी न्याय, बुद्धिमत्ता आणि मैत्रीचे महत्त्व दाखवते.

🎯 Exam Tips for Students

Learn one detailed summary per novel

Practice writing it in 12–15 sentences

Remember beginning → conflict → climax → conclusion