Let every sapling you plant rise like a promise—a promise of pure air, cool shade, gentle rains,and a greener, safer Earth.
Plant more trees to heal the wounded earth.
Nurture every sapling as you nurture hope.
Protect our forests, the lungs that breathe for millions.Encourage your community to grow green corridors.A tree is not just a plant—it is a living poem,a silent soldier,a guardian of generations.
Let us unite—Sow today. Grow tomorrow. Sustain forever.
Your single tree can become a forest of change.
Plant a tree. Plant a future.
Appeal for Cleanliness Drive
Keep your surroundings clean.
Keep your future green.
Join the cleanliness drive and take responsibility for the space you live in.
Let every broomstroke become a step toward dignity,and every clean corner become a mirror of our collective pride.
Pick up litter—do not let waste scar our streets.
Dispose garbage properly—let dustbins, not roads, hold our trash.
Encourage others—your one act can inspire a neighbourhood.
Protect public places—they are the shared heartbeat of our community.
Cleanliness is not just a habit.It is a reflection of discipline,a symbol of respect,a promise of better living.
Let us unite—Clean today.
Care every day. Create a healthy tomorrow.
A clean environment is a silent blessing—let us make it loud through our actions.
A. “They” refers to the planners, architects, and authorities who redesign the city.
Q2. What do the planners fill “with cement”?
A. They fill gaps, cavities, and empty spaces with cement.
Q3. What does the land grid “refer to”?
A. It refers to the perfect, mathematically planned structure of the new city.
Q4. What gets “erased” according to the poet?
A. The land’s past, history, and natural identity get erased.
Q5. What does the poet say will be “knocked off”?
A. Old buildings, memories, and imperfections are “knocked off”.
Activity-Based Questions
Q1. Pick out one example of imagery from the poem. A. “The buildings are in alignment” creates a clear visual picture. Q2. Write two examples that show the city is artificially perfect. A. “The buildings are in alignment.” “The land is in grids.” Q3. Pick out one metaphor and write it down. A. “Dental cavities are plugged” – city construction compared to dental filling. Q4. Find a line that shows the planners want no flaws. A. “All gaps are plugged.”
Inference Type Questions Q1. Why does the poet compare city-building to dental surgery? A. To show how planners forcefully “correct” and “fill” imperfections the way dentists fix cavities, making everything artificially perfect. Q2. What does the poet mean by “the past is knocked off”? A. Development destroys heritage, memories, and historical landmarks. Q3. What can we infer about the planners’ attitude toward nature? A. They ignore or destroy it; they prefer straight lines, concrete, and order.
Interpretative Questions
Q1. Why does the poet use the word “gleaming”? A. It suggests shiny, new surfaces but also artificiality and emotional emptiness. Q2. The poet feels “helpless.” Explain. A. He cannot stop the planners from destroying the natural and historical beauty of the land. Q3. What is the effect of “mathematical perfection” on the city? A. It creates a lifeless, uniform environment without character or memories.
Personal Response Questions Q1. Do you think modern development destroys our connection with the past? Explain. A. Yes. Development often replaces old buildings, natural spaces, and cultural landmarks, which weakens our emotional connection with history. Q2. What line in the poem did you find most powerful and why? A. “The past is knocked off” is powerful because it shows how quickly development can erase identity and heritage. Q3. Should planners balance development with conservation? A. Yes. A city must grow, but it should also protect natural surroundings and cultural memories.
Poetic Device Questions Q1. Identify the figure of speech: “Dental cavities are plugged.” A. Metaphor – city expansion compared to dental treatment. Q2. Identify and explain the personification in the poem. A. “The city drills and plugs” – giving human actions to a city. Q3. Pick out an example of alliteration. A. “Planned, perfect” – repetition of the ‘p’ sound. Q4. What is the overall tone of the poem? A. Critical, sad, and reflective.
Poetic Creativity Questions Q1. Add a line using imagery that could fit into this poem. A. “The sky disappears behind rising towers of glass.” Q2. Compose one metaphor that expresses loss of nature. A. “The forest becomes a memory written in dust.” Q3. Write two lines showing conflict between nature and planners. A. “Where trees once breathed freely, machines now roar.” “The river’s song is silenced by the concrete’s heavy voice.”
Transforming simple or compound sentences into complex sentences is an essential skill for academic writing, competitive exams, and Std. 11–12 English board preparation. A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns.
This post explains clear rules, examples, and practice exercises with answers.
1. What Is a Complex Sentence?
A complex sentence contains:One main clause (makes complete sense)One subordinate clause (depends on the main clause for full meaning)
Examples
I left the place because it was getting late.When the bell rang, students entered the class.
2. Types of Subordinate Clauses Used in Complex Sentences
A. Noun Clause
Functions as a subject, object, or complement.Introduced by: that, if, whether, wh-words
Example:
Simple: He said, “I am tired.”
Complex: He said that he was tired.
B. Adjective Clause
Describes a noun or pronoun.
Introduced by: who, whom, whose, which, that
Example:
Simple: I met a girl. She was very intelligent.
Complex: I met a girl who was very intelligent.
C. Adverb Clause
Shows time, reason, purpose, condition, concession, result, etc.
Marathi Explanation (नियमाचे स्पष्टीकरण):भूतकाळात केलेली क्रिया आता नुकतीच पूर्ण झालेली आहे किंवा तिचा परिणाम आताच्या काळात दिसतो, तेव्हा हा काळ वापरतात.
Example:👉 She has completed her homework.
(b) Past Perfect Tense
Subject + had + V³
Marathi Explanation:भूतकाळातील एका क्रियेपूर्वी दुसरी क्रिया पूर्ण झालेली होती, तेव्हा Past Perfect वापरतात.
Example:👉 The train had left before we reached the station.
c) Future Perfect Tense
Rule:Subject + will have + V³
Marathi Explanation:भविष्यात एखाद्या ठराविक वेळेपर्यंत क्रिया पूर्ण झालेली असेल, तेव्हा हा काळ वापरतात.
Example:👉 I will have finished my syllabus by March.
d) Perfect Continuous Tense
Rule:Subject + has / have / had + been + V + ing
Marathi Explanation:भूतकाळात सुरू झालेली क्रिया आतापर्यंत सतत चालू आहे किंवा काही काळ चालू होती, हे दाखवण्यासाठी वापरतात.
Example:👉 They have been studying English for two years.
